Formal and Informal Organisations Management

Introduction This essay is based on Formal and Informal organisations and the details and difference between the two. Recommendations and conclusions are also drawn based on the information presented. Formal and Informal Organisations The fundamental concepts of formal and informal organisations are regarded with the nature and processes in the workplace. A formal organization is the actual framework of the organization including its organizational chart and its chain of command which determines accountability.However, within the informal organization, otherwise known as the ‘grapevine’ in a business, is the familiar working relationships that are established in the business place and contributes significantly to work culture. (Reingold, 2007) The real purpose of an organizational chart is to effectively outline the structure of the formal organization. It shows who is accountable to whom, from the top management to middle management and front line employees. It also sho ws the horizontalrelationships of the different functional and operational divisions and department personnel.This chart consists of the functional framework and is important in the workplace to establish stability, clarity in work relationships and reporting standards between supervisors and subordinates. (Parker, 2002) Although top management in some businesses does not take into account, the actuality of informal organizations when trying to determine culture, it does have an essential influence on work dynamism. Workers interact with each other at different intervals and in different situations such as lunch, in the break room, and even after work.These encounters can greatly influence the level of the sense of belongingness each employee experiences or feels in the working environment. If it is that these encounters are generally negative, the quality of work ethics and morale will be very poor. (Reingold, 2007) Understanding the direct reporting relationships outlined in the o rganizational chart is often less important than knowing the ‘go-to people’ in the company. For ambitious employees, this may mean looking beyondimmediate coworkers and managers and finding helpful mentors and internal coaches that want to help them succeed.Information communication networks are also useful tools in learning how the company works just beyond what is conveyed from top management. It is important to note that when front line employees get prompted into management positions they often forget the significance in striking a balance between the formal structure and informal networks within the business. Disciplined structure and clear reporting relationships are important. However, management also has a lot to gain by remembering that informal networks are real and is of much use.Managers can maximize insight on how employees feel towards their jobs and how functional terms are operating through familiar conversations. While formal relationships are key to ac complishing organizational and departmental goals and objectives they are sometimes restrictive to open interactions. (Parker M. , 2003) An example of a formal organization would be the Jamaica National Building Society which has clear concise goals written and duly communicated. It is a registered financial institution that provides service to the public in a very organized and structured manner both in physical space and information management.An example of an informal organization would be a study group where interactions are familiar and there is no legal framework or organizational structure that governs the operations of the group. In businesses, employees are both part of the formal organization as well as the informal. A sales clerk in a marketing company is part of the formal structure of the business and is given a job description and specification but can also be part of an informal organization within the same business such as a partner group.Recommendation Individuals i n an organization normally work according to the structure prescribed by formality. However, at the same time, they develop other relationships in the organization, which may be deeply grounded on personal rather than work related principles. Both formal and informal organisations exist in all businesses and can impact their operations in negative and positive ways. My preference and recommendations with regards to choosing between the two would be the formal organization as it has many advantages.It constitutes the fundamental structure of the delegation of work and responsibilities. Without a structure it would be very difficult for employees to agree between themselves and their roles and functions and such problems multiply in large amounts with the increase in size of the organization. In addition to this, formal organisations generate clarity of what support and input each employee can expect form others and in turn what is expected of him/her by others. Extreme discipline is promoted in the business and so employees have respect for each other.In formal organisations it is easier to review and revise the organization with changing requirements. It provides a framework or structure for laying down pay scales and taking other decisions linked to organizational levels. It also helps in other human resources development activities such as recruitment, promotions, career planning and development and manpower planning. Conclusion Formal organisations are characterized by a chain of command and empowered individuals to enforce agreed upon rules. Rotary clubs and boy scouts are examples of formal organisations.They both have a charter stating their place and function in society. On the other hand, an informal organization is one where the participants have no empowered central leader who has the power to enforce rules on the group. References Parker, A. (2002). Myths about Informal Networks. Sloan Management Review , 345-350. Parker, M. (2003). The Psychologica l Foundations of Business Administration. The Early Siciology of Management and Organisations , 216-235. Reingold, J. (2007). Hidden Workplace. Comments on organisation , 706-811.

Strategy of Mercedes Benz in India

Mercedes-Benz India has evolved a four-pronged strategy towards passenger cars this year as it transfers its truck and bus business under Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV). The company had been selling buses — inter and intra city and Actros mining trucks — in the India market, which would now fall under DICV portfolio. Project as performance oriented brand by introducing new models. Mercedes-Benz plans to launch eight new products this year, invest in dealer network, improve overall ownership cost and double production at the Chakan plant. Going forward, Chakan will be for passenger cars and Chennai will be for trucks and buses.More sales outlets,?with the A-Class clocking in 400 bookings since its launch earlier in May 2013. Starting with the launch of G63, Merc plans to drive in its much-awaited premium hatchback A-class in diesel and petrol variants by end-2013. Other launches are the new GL in May 2014 and the B-class diesel variant around the same time. Mer cedes-Benz is doubling its production capacity from 10,000 units to 20,000 at Chakan by end of year 2013 to make space for the new models. Moreover, the company is looking at localisation in a big way to improve ownership cost to the customers.Mercedes-Benz assembles models like S-class, E-class, C-class and M-class at its plant with localisation ranging from 10% to 60% over various mentioned models. Pushes for pre-owned cars. According to an estimate, the domestic used car market is 1. 3 times the new car market. The pre-owned segment is largely unstructured in India and with new financing options, customers could upgrade to newer models at ease by returning used cars. Try to shred the old-man image associated with the brand. Bank upon the Modular Front Architecture platform to woo buyers. Marketing Strategy Audi IndiaPositioning in Luxury not as broad, but micro segment of luxury entry which will be having highest growth among all segment. All standard products, as Indian Market w ill be matching with the Global standards. Distribution of special zones with high and affluent people. Branding for Inspirational and aspirational attributes. Meeting high requirement of working capital through sustained market share and service bundling. Marketing Strategy BMW India India is one of the major growth markets for BMW and they are confident of maintaining their leadership in the premium segment through launches, dealerships expansion and customer delight.Planning to assemble more products in the country at our Chennai factory to increase volume growth. Plan to expand our completely-knocked down range in India. By April, the 7 series will be assembled in Chennai, which will be followed by the 1 series by the end of 2013. With this, the company will have six products (1 series, 3 series, 5 series, 7 series, X1 and X3) assembled in India. Market Analysis of BMW, AUDI & Mercedes In the Indian car market, the demand for new vehicles has been sluggish since the beginning of 2013. However, this is not the case for luxury car manufacturers like Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz.Riding on the back of new model launches, the German triplet has made significant inroads in 2013. Mercedes-Benz, in particular, stepped up the ante as it introduced several new models and their facelift versions. The company had a revival of sorts in India as not only the demand for vehicles surged but the overall market share also rose considerably. According to estimates of Mercedes-Benz, the Indian car market is going to outpace the demand of other emerging regions like China, Brazil and Russia. http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2013-10-05/news/42745251_1_audi-q3-bmw-india-luxury-car-market http://www.autocarindia. com/auto-news/audi-races-past-bmw-to-number-one-spot-341884. aspxLed by the new generation compact cars A Class and B Class, Mercedes Benz India has bridging the sales gap with a rapid pace. Mercedes Benz India was ahead of Audi by selling 151 units more. M ercedes Benz India sold 2,696 units in July to September of 2013 as against 2,545 units sold by Audi in the same period. Mercedes Benz first overtook its Munich based luxury car rival BMW in the first quarter of 2013 to regain the number two position and now Audi in the quarter 3, but for the full year, it is still number two.Audi is still pretty on the number one position for the calendar year starting January to September 2013, with sales of 7,391 units. Mercedes Benz India trails by a significant 930 units, registering sales of 6,461 units in the same period. Announcing the Q3 results, Eberhard Kern, MD & CEO, Mercedes-Benz India said: â€Å"Our year of offensive strategy yielded satisfactory result as we continue to improve our strong performance with each quarter, amidst one of the toughest market situations faced by the industry.We are confident of maintaining this positive momentum for the remaining quarter and achieve our targeted growth for 2013. † The main catalysts for Mercedes-Benz have been A-Class and B-Class models, which have further helped to increase the market share. Audi on its part with the locally produced Q3 and expanding dealer network is confident of holding on to its number 1 position for 2013 and aims at being the first luxury car maker in India to sell more than 10,000 units in India.After growing by 25-30 per cent since 2007 till 2011-12, the luxury car market too is facing the heat of the slowdown. Barring the entry level cars like Mercedes Benz A Class, B Class, BMW 1 Series and some SUVs like Audi Q3 and Q5, which brought incremental volumes in 2013, the traditional saloon segment of Mercedes Benz C Class, E Class, S Class, BMW 3,5 or 7 series and even Audi A4, A6 and A8 have remained sluggish.During 2013, Mercedes-Benz introduced eight new models in which the sales of performance oriented brand, AMG picked up by a fair bit. The German manufacturer is trying hard to shred the old-man image associated with the brand. It is banking upon the Modular Front Architecture platform to woo buyers as it has already helped the company to come at par with its rivals like Audi and BMW. Industry players, say the market is likely to post 10-15 per cent growth in 2013 only on the back of these entry level models and SUVs.In 2014, Mercedes-Benz aim to expand in double-digits faster than the market. † Industry experts have already predicted that Mercedes-Benz would come hard at Audi in 2014 banking upon of new model launches that include next generation S-Class. Mercedes-Benz is famed for producing high-end vehicles in the country. As a result of this, customers and luxury car aficionados have shown affinity Strategy of Mercedes Benz in India Mercedes-Benz India has evolved a four-pronged strategy towards passenger cars this year as it transfers its truck and bus business under Daimler India Commercial Vehicles (DICV). The company had been selling buses — inter and intra city and Actros mining trucks — in the India market, which would now fall under DICV portfolio. Project as performance oriented brand by introducing new models. Mercedes-Benz plans to launch eight new products this year, invest in dealer network, improve overall ownership cost and double production at the Chakan plant. Going forward, Chakan will be for passenger cars and Chennai will be for trucks and buses. More sales outlets,†¨with the A-Class clocking in 400 bookings since its launch earlier in May 2013.Starting with the launch of G63, Merc plans to drive in its much-awaited premium hatchback A-class in diesel and petrol variants by end-2013. Other launches are the new GL in May 2014 and the B-class diesel variant around the same tim e. Mercedes-Benz is doubling its production capacity from 10,000 units to 20,000 at Chakan by end of year 2013 to make space for the new models. Moreover, the company is looking at localisation in a big way to improve ownership cost to the customers.Mercedes-Benz assembles models like S-class, E-class, C-class and M-class at its plant with localisation ranging from 10% to 60% over various mentioned models. Pushes for pre-owned cars. According to an estimate, the domestic used car market is 1.3 times the new car market. The pre-owned segment is largely unstructured in India and with new financing options, customers could upgrade to newer models at ease by returning used cars. Try to shred the old-man image associated with the brand.Bank upon the Modular Front Architecture platform to woo buyers.Marketing Strategy Audi IndiaPositioning in Luxury not as broad, but micro segment of luxury entry which will be having highest growth among all segment. All standard products, as Indian Marke t will be matching with the Global standards. Distribution of special zones with high and affluent people. Branding for Inspirational and aspirational attributes.Meeting high requirement of working capital through sustained market share and service bundling.Marketing Strategy BMW IndiaIndia is one of the major growth markets for BMW and they are confident of maintaining their leadership in the premium segment through launches, dealerships expansion and customer delight. Planning to assemble more products in the country at our Chennai factory to increase volume growth. Plan to expand our completely-knocked down range in India. By April, the 7 series will be assembled in Chennai, which will be followed by the 1 series by the end of 2013. With this, the company will have six products (1 series, 3 series, 5 series, 7 series, X1 and X3) assembled in India.Market Analysis of BMW, AUDI & MercedesIn the Indian car market, the demand for new vehicles has been sluggish since the beginning of 2013. However, this is not the case for luxury car manufacturers like Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Riding on the back of new model launches, the German triplet has made significant inroads in 2013. Mercedes-Benz, in particular, stepped up the ante as it introduced several new models and their facelift versions. The company had a revival of sorts in India as not only the demand for vehicles surged but the overall market share also rose considerably. According to estimates of Mercedes-Benz, the Indian car market is going to outpace the demand of other emerging regions like China, Brazil and Russia.http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-05/news/42745251_1_audi-q3-bmw-india-luxury-car-market http://www.autocarindia.com/auto-news/audi-races-past-bmw-to-number-one-spot-341884.aspxLed by the new generation compact cars A Class and B Class, Mercedes Benz India has bridging the sales gap with a rapid pace. Mercedes Benz India was ahead of Audi by selling 151 units more. Mercede s Benz India sold 2,696 units in July to September of 2013 as against 2,545 units sold by Audi in  the same period. Mercedes Benz first overtook its Munich based luxury car rival BMW in the first quarter of 2013 to regain the number two position and now Audi in the quarter 3, but for the full year, it is still number two. Audi is still pretty on the number one position for the calendar year starting January to September 2013, with sales of 7,391 units.Mercedes Benz India trails by a significant 930 units, registering sales of 6,461 units in the same period. Announcing the Q3 results, Eberhard Kern, MD & CEO, Mercedes-Benz India said: â€Å"Our year of offensive strategy yielded satisfactory result as we continue to improve our strong performance with each quarter, amidst one of the toughest market situations faced by the industry. We are confident of maintaining this positive momentum for the remaining quarter and achieve our targeted growth for 2013.† The main catalysts fo r Mercedes-Benz have been A-Class and B-Class models, which have further helped to increase the market share.Audi on its part with the locally produced Q3 and expanding dealer network is confident of holding on to its number 1 position for 2013 and aims at being the first luxury car maker in India to sell more than 10,000 units in India.   After growing by 25-30 per cent since 2007 till 2011-12, the luxury car market too is facing the heat of the slowdown. Barring the entry level cars like Mercedes Benz A Class, B Class, BMW 1 Series and some SUVs like Audi Q3 and Q5, which brought incremental volumes in 2013, the traditional saloon segment of Mercedes Benz C Class, E Class, S Class, BMW 3,5 or 7 series and even Audi A4, A6 and A8 have remained sluggish. During 2013, Mercedes-Benz introduced eight new models in which the sales of performance oriented brand, AMG picked up by a fair bit.The German manufacturer is trying hard to shred the old-man image associated with the brand. It i s banking upon the Modular Front Architecture platform to woo buyers as it has already helped the company to come at par with its rivals like Audi and BMW. Industry players, say the market is likely to post 10-15 per cent growth in 2013 only on the back of these entry level models and SUVs. In 2014, Mercedes-Benz aim to expand in double-digits faster than the market.† Industry experts have already predicted that Mercedes-Benz would come hard at Audi in 2014 banking upon of new model launches that include next generation S-Class. Mercedes-Benz is famed for producing high-end vehicles in the country. As a result of this, customers and luxury car aficionados have shown affinity.

Developing an Evalution Plan and Disseminating Results Research Proposal

Developing an Evalution Plan and Disseminating Results - Research Proposal Example But overcoming these hurdles will always give the satisfaction these changes usher in. Thus, it can be safely sound applying the above concept in the case of CHF patients whose major issue is non-compliance to physicians and preventive treatments that becomes a major stumbling block in combating this fatal disease. So formulating an implementation program to give the best care and medical treatment to such chf patients become imperative with active co-operation from all quarters involved. The role of organizations, medical experts, doctors, nurses, family and society in general has to be defined clearly and with clarity so that it can take a smooth course. Some of the ways to implement successful means to achieve this objective is discussed below. This major hurdle in efficient management of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Time (PICOT) occurs mainly due to lack of awareness and noncompliance by patients of the physician’s instructions and medical regimen. ... nt in overcoming the maladies of non-compliance which itself is shaping into a dangerous disease, and how the medical community and society with its healthcare professionals can overcome the laxity of expertise into the subject experienced, leading to improvisation. Therefore the proper course of action is by implementing the much wanted changes. First and foremost priority has to be given in seeking ways for identifying the signs and symptoms associated with the chf syndrome, and after much deliberation it was safely concluded that facilitating a checklist which clearly specifies the signs and symptoms will go a long way to eradicate the trust deficit faced by patients and cause non-compliance as suggested in the article â€Å"Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure: Are You Asking the Right Questions?† (Albert, 2012). The results indicated that this methodology boosts the confidence of patients, shedding their reluctant attitudes and raising the compliance level to a better degr ee Hence it would facilitate for appropriate decisions by care providers for a better overall outcome. â€Å"The checklist format prompted patients to report all signs and symptoms they were experiencing, rather than only those they thought were related to heart failure† (Albert et al. 2010). Various cause for non compliance which include factors like demographic indicators, the regimens of medication like side effects or the complexity associated with them, psychological problems, social and family attitudes as well as their concepts about self esteem becomes serious impediments in effectively combating the disease. In this scenario, there is a high relevance for compliance related interventions. The study, stresses the importance of this vital aspect. Here the findings suggest that educating

Population And Region of South and East Asia Essay

Population And Region of South and East Asia - Essay Example Nearly every mainland is made up of river valleys, highlands, coastal plains and mountainous regions. The increasing human population in the region has encroached on the tropical forests due to increasing demand for settlement and cultivation land. Although large forest lands still exist, much of the frontier has been taken up by human settlement. The settlement patterns in the region as originally influenced by natural water sources such as freshwater lakes and rivers because they were a source of food as well as a medium of transportation. Environmental factors The people of the region have greatly affected the environmental conditions in the region. Majority of the region is located within the humid tropics with the climate being determined as monsoonal. The region has attracted a number of animals such as the orangutan, the Sumatran rhino, Asian elephant, and Malayan tapir. The region has three major species of tiger namely the Malayan tiger, Sumatran tiger, and the Indochinese t iger. Some unique species of animals are found in this region such as the Komodo dragon which has been regarded as the largest living species of lizards (United Arab Emirates News Agency). Due to the surging population in the region, some of the animals in the region have been described as the endangered species due to their diminishing chances of survival. The people have destroyed the natural habitats of the animals such as the tiger and elephants besides hunting them for their precious skin and other body parts.

Pharisees and Sadducees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharisees and Sadducees - Essay Example The Pharisees were the flag bearers of the Mosaic law (The Torah). They also fought with Judas Maccabeus for the cause of religious freedom. It is said that they increased in numbers and had considerable clout during the Roman period, and as a result they became the most popular party. A number of Pharisees gave stress on the formal aspects of religion but didn't pay much heed to the spiritual (cf. Matthew 23). Nevertheless they do believed in the existence of angels, demons, the resurrection of the body, and the existence of heaven and hell (Acts 23:7-8). They had a very firm belief that they are the chosen people by God and are the keepers of the Law and the Messiah would come to them one day. According to the 'Random House Dictionary of the English Langauge' 'Sadducee' is a member of an ancient Palestinian sect that differed from the Pharisees chiefly in interpreting the bible literally, rejecting oral laws and traditions, and denying an afterlife and the coming of the Messiah. It is believed that the term possibly derived from the founder, Zadok. They were the leading party of the rich, wealthy, aristocrats and the priestly class. They also indulged themselves in diplomacy and making foreign relations. The Pharisees socially were common people, the figure of authority in them was the 'Disciples of the Wise' they had a selective attitude to Hellenism, as regarding their attitude to hasmoneans they were opposed to usurpation of monarchy, they believed in free will, angels and afterlife, they believed in Sophisticated scholarly interpretations of the Bible, written Torah and also advocated application of priestly laws to non-priests. In contrast to them the Sadducees came from the background of Priests and aristocrats, the figure of authority in them were the priests, they were for Hellenism, opposed usurpation of priesthood by non-Zadokites , they advocated free will but didn't believe in angels and afterlife. They had a Literalist attitude towards the Holy Bible but didn't believe in the oral Torah, they laid emphasis on priestly obligations. The Pharisees as well as Sadducees followed the Luni Solar Calendar. Within the ministry of Jesus the Pharisees had many confrontations with him, as their beliefs were entirely opposed to what the Jesus preached. Jesus openly violated many of their oral laws. "He mixed freely with tax collectors and sinners, making Him ceremonially unclean (Luke 7:39). He ate and drank with them, and was called a glutton and a drunkard (Luke 7:34). He ate with ceremonially unclean hands (Luke 11:38). He broke their Sabbath laws by healing people, and gleaning corn to eat (Luke 13:14, Matthew 12:1-2). He forgave peoples' sins, which to the Pharisees was blasphemy (Luke 5:21). He also freely criticised the Pharisees for their hypocrisy and self righteousness (Luke 11:37-52). In the Pharisees' eyes, Jesus was guilty of law breaking and blasphemy. The idea of Jesus criticising them was an outrage (Luke 6:11). They also saw Him as a threat both to their popularity and their authority over the people (Luke 13:17). Because of this they plotted to kill Him. Throughout His min istry they questioned Him, trying to catch Him in His answers in order to hand Him over to the Roman Governor (Luke 11:53)." (Retrieved from 'The Law and the Sabbath' http://www.lastdays.org.uk/jesuspha.html 15 January 2009)

Experience of Illness and Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Experience of Illness and Disability - Essay Example It also includes the behavioral responses, health care seeking, and receptivity to and adherence to the treatment of pain. Current research indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is a highly complex problem and involves sociological, economic and psychological variables, in addition to the traditional medical components. Pat, aged 46, attends a private clinic for pain relief. Pat comes from a simple family background. When he became a teen-ager, he left for the City of London to seek work in order to send money home. In London, he married Kate, who is also of Irish descent. He worked as a postman in London for twenty years. He raised his family in rented rooms with their two children. He had to work hard and he mostly did over-time work in order to support his family. Finally, the couple built their own home with the help of Kate's dad. He had felt the first sensations of pain during that time which persisted up to the present. He had chronic back pain. So he began taking ibuprofen and he carried on with this work. Then when the Mail Department was reorganized, he moved to a desk job. That was when the bouts got more frequent and painful. His doctor, a general practitioner told him that he had been carrying his post-bag wrong all those years. His doctor kept giving him repeat prescriptions for paink illers and he kept complaining they didn't work. He started taking ibuprofen, a painkiller drug. Then he started having days off at a stretch, so he could undergo some tests. Since all the tests of the doctor were inconclusive, he sought the help of an osteopath. The osteopath was professional and put him through a lot of painful manipulations but he seemed to lose interest after a while. His officemates complained about his time off from work. Kate and his kids were very sympathetic. He goes to see a psychologist who believes that his pain is real. He is comforted when the psychologist affirmed his pain.Pat's narrative is important to his recovery. By uncovering a means of interpreting the illness, he can re-establish the relationship between himself, the world and his body. (Williams, 1984). The narrative reconstruction is focused on gaining meaning and import to the illness by placing it within the context of one's own life and to reconstruct the narrative of the self (Frank, 199 5). Drawing up a narrative of one's chronic illness within the framework of one's own life history makes it possible to give meaning to events that have disrupted and changed the course of one's life (Williams, 1984). When individuals are unable to achieve this, identity issues remain unresolved. The ways in which illness effects self-change has been explored through narratives (Frank, 1995). There are three types of illness narratives: restitution, chaos and quest. Restitution involves seeking to return to the former self, chaos depicts an inability to interpret and make sense of the illness and quest, seeking to achieve a new self that draws on the experience of having suffered. In this case study, Pat's narrative reflects the restitution type where he seeks to return to his former self. Identity reconstruction takes the premise that loss of self is a fundamental consequence of chronic illness. Pat aspires to see the end of his pain. In the last few paragraphs of his narrative, he states that after the acupuncture, daily massage from Kate and a dram of whiskey, he is able to sleep well and face a

Formal Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The art places Christ in a liminal state transforming from death to life. The picture depicted is much calm and motionless as the final moments described by the Scripture1. For an artist who painted modern paintings, religion appears as an odd space indeed for Manet’s artistic skills. The style in which he composed Christ and the angels (with a careful attention to detailed copying of costumes, models, and stage) in design relation to the other parts of the piece, it definitely sums up to a notion of admiration. By looking at the piece of the dead Christ, It is difficult to establish whether a controversial effect was Manet’s objective with the piece. The intent is obviously contentious, but the level of artistic amazement is unquestionably classic. A profound streak of color is used by Manet to thicken Jesus’s face. Closer to his forehead top, varying smudges of maroon represents the appearance of desiccated, scaly blood. Manet uses Harsh yellow hues to emphasize the tip of nose of Christ, the curves just beneath Christ’s eyebrows and the apples of his cheekbones, while his nose and sunken-in eyes sockets are depicted using darker hues. Christ’s mouth and eyes are half-open. The spread of shadow transversely on face results in his head appearing to recede in the background. The white shading of fabric covering up his lower body justly dominates the composition. On both sides of this imposing corpse of Christ, two women, costumed in bright, colorful clothes and unusual angels’ wings, appear to attend to the lifeless body. The angels’ colorful looks fail to overshadow the Christ’s body’s overwhelming grimness. Out of the combination of repugnance and beauty, pallor and color, a to tally comfortless Christ emerged. The artist is demonstrative in his pallet exploration, and there’s no mix up with the pathos created in the scene. The Dense folds of clothes that cover Christ’s body instill the artist’s mastery of

Women in Culture in the 1930's-1940's VS Women in Culture Today Research Paper

Women in Culture in the 1930's-1940's VS Women in Culture Today - Research Paper Example The debates have hit the floor for some time regarding women in the past and women today. Moreover, social roles of women and girls are quite different from that of men. Workforce in early times was highly gender based which is somewhat contrary to today’s women. Today, women have much freedom and almost acquiring equal rights as men unlike in the early 1930’s. Women artist has been one of the outstanding and distinguishing activities between 1930’s – 1940’s and today. Female artists play central part in art industry, for instance textile arts and craft. In 1930’s, women artists encountered numerous challenges related to their success in art industry and these were gender based biases in the mainstream of fine art (Rosaldo, Lamphere & Bamberger, 1974). They faced challenges in training, travelling and trading of their work as well as recognition of their status in art industry. However late in 1940’s, feminist arts fought for their rig hts for them to be guaranteed the right to education and training in fine art. This impacted positively on women as they were allowed to train and acquire skills in fine industry. In the days of Great Depression (1930’s), a number of women made their own clothing. The time was so terrible that unemployment rate was very high. It was then that the fashion design made a step toward simpler lines reflecting the simpler lives of the people. Magazines displayed different kinds of clothing which customary middle women applauded (Loy, (2001). The fashions in the 1930’s were so appealing, attractive, feminine and absolutely gorgeous unlike today. The fashion took a stunning turn reflecting the austerity of the appalling economy. In the 1940’s, limited color highly characterized pictures and magazines unlike today as ink was expensive then (Rosaldo, Lamphere & Bamberger, 1974). Fashions illustrated in magazines revealed the clothing in sketch form instead of photographs. The gray outfit was a typical fashion design of 1932. Women empowerment and role assignment has taken a new picture today. This is mainly noted in factories and industries. For instance, Rosie the Riveter from the USA is highly recognized as a cultural icon. She represents the American women who worked in industries during the Second World War (Rosaldo, Lamphere & Bamberger, 1974). They took new jobs of men who were in the field of military. Rosie worked tirelessly to help the Americans who were taking part in war. During this time, women took over the male dominated trades though at the same they were required to return to their daily housework as soon as men in war came back home. Women were chiefly given the roles of housewives. They were asked to perform hard tasks which for them were hard to do. They opted to return to their traditional work basically to avoid such jobs and low payments (Loy, 2001). Rosie the Riveter finally died when her kidney failed to work after a plane ac cident. She had influenced American women to work in industries. It was evident that women proved it right that they could do and manage well the work that was mainly done by men. In 1942, the proportion of jobs acceptable to women increased tremendously. However, the payment terms of women were not favorable. Rosie had encouraged women to enter into workforce in large numbers, though women were discharged after the war to return to servicemen (Rosaldo, Lamphere & Bamberger, 1974). During the Second World War, women worked hard to take their positions. However after the wartime, they resumed domestic vocations and service work. Between 1930’

Critically analyse financial statemebt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critically analyse financial statemebt - Essay Example c. Cash Flow - cash flows provides the business’ operating, investing, and financing cash flows over a specified period. It reconciles the changes on the cash on hand at end of a period with the beginning balance by including the income derive from non-cash revenue and expenses â€Å"by adjusting net income for non-cash revenues and expenses† (Tempte, 2005). d. Statement of Changes in Owners’ Equity – the change in owner’s equity happens when a business profits, its asset value changes and when its owners adds more capital or made withdrawals against the business (McGrann, 1998). Sole trader or single proprietorship is a business owned solely by an entrepreneur where owner assumes all responsibilities pertaining to the business and do not distinguish between the owner and the business. In effect, he or she also carries the whole burden of the business’s liability. In the event that loss occurs, the liability will affect and extend to the owner’s finances. With regard to its income statement, a sole trader has to pay tax on the business net profit and in the event that the net profit is over a certain threshold, the owner has to pay the Value Added Tax (VAT) of 17.5%. This VAT rate however has been decreased to 15% in consideration of the recent financial crisis. With regard to reporting for taxation purposes, a complete income statement and balance sheet should be submitted to HMRC. The owner is responsible for keeping all the expenses for a certain tax year. The financial statement of a sole trader is straightforward where accounts are simpler compared to limited companies where entries vary due to the complexity of the business. It involves deduction of expenses from sales to arrive at the taxable net profit or loss (which of course not taxable anymore because it is a loss). Limited companies are also called as Joint stock companies or partnership where owners or

Primus Sales Force Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Primus Sales Force - Case Study Example If the researcher gets the questions wrong, chances are that the respondents will get it wrong too and this means that the credibility of the findings will be compromised (Babbie, 2001). In order to eradicate this problem, it is imperative that the questions are asked with utmost clarity and efficiency. The following is an analysis of the quality of the survey questions administered to the sales representatives and managers of Primus Financial Company. It will analyze the issues that pertain to phrasing, the extent to which the questions measure the impact on the attitudes and behaviors and the extent to which they are actionable. Phrasing of the survey questions is as important as the content of the question. The phrasing should enhance the respondent’s understanding (Crossman, 2014). Therefore, the question should be phrased in the simplest and clearest way possible. To that end, these questions did not err a bit. The questions are very simple, clear and objective. For example, question number 2, which asks whether the intranet portal provides useful information in helping the employee do their job. It is simple and straightforward. All the seven questions that were employed asked for one piece of information, using simple wording and avoiding technical jargon. But despite being simple, these questions are vague. For example, question 1 and 2 which ask whether the monthly sales magazines and the intranet portal provide ‘useful’ information to the employees which aids in the performance of their jobs. The term ‘useful’ is vague. Coupled by the fact that the scale method is us ed to rate the answers, it becomes subjective as what level is useful to one employee may not be useful to another. Also, the amount the sales representative may find useful may not be the same for a sales manager. There is therefore an element of vagueness and ambiguity which if not addressed will compromise the validity

The Foodservice Management Information System Essay Example for Free

The Foodservice Management Information System Essay The Foodservice Management Information System (FMIS V) sold by Genesistems, Inc. since 1980 on mini and super mini computers is now available on low cost personal computers and popular networks under FMIS V. According to Genesistems President Eric Muench, new programming languages have provided a method of allowing Genesistems proven FMIS system to operate with the same speed and flexibility on the new popular personal computers that was formerly available only on larger computers. This brings the cost of an automated solution for the foodservice operator down to a price that is affordable. The manager must be able to determine prices and schedules, make forecasts, perform an ongoing audit of inventory and other company assets, and monitor performance. More and more managers are turning to the computer to provide this information on a timely basis, he said. Traditionally, foodservice institutions have had weak in-house accounting systems based on tedious manual procedures, Muench continued. The result has been poor cost control. Food cost information is generally outdated before manual computations can even be completed. FMIS V solves these and other problems at a reasonable cost. FMIS V consists of the following modules: general ledger, accounts payable, payroll, bank reconciliation, inventory control, recipe control, sales analysis, and management report writing. Telecommunications input is available for certain cash registers. All modules are integrated and provide full accounting information automatically to the general ledger for up-to-date financial statements. The Foodservice Management Information System is available nationally from Genesistems, Inc. For more details on the Foodservice Management Information System, please contact us for more information. General Ledger The General Ledger module is the center of the accounting system. It is a powerful yet easy to use module that can accommodate a single unit restaurant as well as a large multiple unit operation. The General Ledger is automatically updated from all other modules being operated. Both 12 and 13 period accounting are supported. The Trial Balance Report and General Ledger Report provide the necessary documentation and audit trails required of a professional accounting system. Financial Statements can be designed to your specifications by you within the General Ledger module. The optional Management Report Writer gives you the added ability to print complex financial statements that consolidate or compare multiple time periods and units if necessary. Account budgets may be set up and used in forecasting and comparisons to actual activity. Accounts Payable The Accounts Payable module is designed to allow you to better manage your vendor invoices and payments. Inventory purchases that are entered will be automatically updated to the Inventory, Recipe, and Sales Analysis modules without any additional work. Invoices may be entered in summary, detail, or a combination of the two. By entering invoices, you are creating the capability of accumulating unpaid invoices easily at any time. A purchase history by vendor is also maintained, and check payment can be accomplished easily in a method that is convenient for your operation. This module lets you stay on top of your outstanding invoices so that invoices are never paid for twice. Payroll The Payroll module is designed for time entry, printing payroll checks, general ledger distribution and year-end W-2 forms. It can operate on a daily, weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly basis with all input verified, copied, and employee records updated during the End-Pay-Period procedure. Other useful options are included such as payroll history inquiry, earnings summary report, employee payroll history, tip allocation, tip reporting and is integrated to the optional Federal Magnetic Media Reporting module. The module is easy to use due to its one-step nature. After set-up with a General Ledger file and initial data entry, payroll tracking becomes relatively easy. Time is entered, then the register is printed. If corrections are necessary, they can be made to the appropriate entries and the register re-printed. After everything balances, checks and reports are printed and then the pay period can be closed. This module is designed to operate in conjunction with other modules that may be installed. Programs are explained as if the General Ledger module were included. Information is transferred to all integrated modules as a function of the End-Pay-Period procedure or is transferred each month through the End-of-Month posting procedure. Bank Reconciliation The Bank Reconciliation module is used to manage your bank accounts. It is automatically updated as checks are written and deposits are entered. A simple method of canceling checks allows you to reconcile the account to the bank statement in very little time. Multiple bank accounts can be maintained simply and easily. A historical check register is maintained for up to five years for your review. Accurate, on demand financial statements tighten management control and eliminate monthly accounting fees. True, double entry accounting with forced balancing of entries eliminates costly posting errors. Comparisons of business units permit management to make intelligent analysis and take effective action. Reporting accommodates easy consolidation of multiple units or companies for corporate requirements. Simple invoice entry organizes and validates invoices for accuracy and automatically updates the Inventory module if necessary. Accounts Payable Cash Requirements Report provides immediate access to a list of currently due invoices and the total cash required. Controlled payment of Accounts Payable invoices eliminates duplicate payments, conserves cash, and accrues interest. Selection and printing of Accounts Payable computer checks saves time and eliminates errors. Bank Reconciliation provides an easy way to control and reconcile any bank accounts. Inventory Control The Inventory Control module is designed to allow you a fast and easy way to keep track of your inventory. You are able to track what you have purchased and what prices you are paying from various suppliers for any length of time. In-house batch production items can be processed along with multiple location transfers. Inventory is first categorized into major classifications that you choose such as meat, dairy and produce. Inventory can be kept on a perpetual basis by entering your purchases for those items and taking a physical count monthly or as frequently as desired to get your actual usage on each item. Inventory may also be kept on a periodic basis which does not require entering all your purchases. The periodic method allows for entry of a physical count and last cost at any point in time and will automatically extend the inventory for you. Both methods provide inventory count sheets by specific storage location and fast inventory count entry methods. The two methods can also be combined to allow detailed control of high cost items and less detailed control of less significant items. Recipe Control The Recipe Control module works hand in hand with the Inventory Control module. It provides you with an organized method of entering your recipes. You can take advantage of the ability to monitor your costs at all times before cost increases erode your profit margins. Unlimited levels of sub-recipes can be maintained very easily. Recipes can include a plate cost for items that you may not want to set up. Recipes can be costed in seconds at Last Cost or Average Cost and can be printed or displayed on the screen. Each recipe can also have detailed preparation instructions set up for use as a training manual. Quick, accurate food and beverage cost percentages can spot increasing costs before it is too late. What If capability for quick, profitable decisions on effect of price and cost changes to a menu or individual item. Easy, timely, accurate trend information on profit margins and popularity of menu items. Regular variance reporting on Actual versus Potential Inventory Usage flags items to watch for excessive use. Prompt, accurate comparisons of multi-unit sales for better management analysis and decisions. Server analysis tells you who is and who isnt selling items such as specials and desserts. Usage, waste and pilferage information is available at any time for management corrective action to maximize profits. Inventory Use and Purchase History allows more accurate inventory planning. Provides a clear, precise way of standardizing recipes for easier employee use. Inventory transfers between multiple units are tracked for proper allocation of charges and better management relations. Inventory Production allows the tracking of in-house prep items to show actual inventory usage and real costs. Friendly, flexible set up allows you to track only information you need and not data that you dont care about. Sales Analysis The Sales Analysis module completes the operations triangle. Both Inventory and Recipe Control are related heavily to Sales Analysis. Menu items are set up and defined at this point. A menu item can refer to a recipe or directly to an inventory item. Daily sales can be entered manually or transferred from a point of sale device if one is available. Sales history is maintained on a daily basis for any number of years. Entering your sales will generate your potential or optimal use of each inventory item and will give you an actual versus potential usage variance. Sales trends can be tracked in a wide variety of methods using the Management Report Writer. Sales Analysis gives you the capability to stay on top of your margins and control them before they can hurt you. Management Report Writing The Report Writer module allows the creation of custom reports wanted by individual companies. The flexibility and adaptability of this module allows for seemingly unlimited variations of report types. This module is limited only by your imagination. Thirty-six columns are available for mathematical and statistical computations (only limited by your printers capability). Data to be printed on these reports can be drawn from a variety of sources. The most common source is General Ledger and the Report Writer is particularly suited to producing complex financial statements. Reports can also be produced based on data from Sales Analysis or from the Statistics section of the Management Report Writer.

Nick Carraway Essay Example for Free

Nick Carraway Essay Nick Carraway, the narrator and important character in the novel The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is deeply characterized through what he says, thinks, and is seen as by others. Many different perspectives of Nick are evident throughout the novel. He is judged and characterized by himself, his friends, and other strangers that he meets in the novel. Fitzgerald uses more dialogue to characterize Nick than other mediums. In the beginning of the book, on the first page, Nick himself declares that he is the narrator of the book. He states that he is â€Å"inclined to reserve all judgements† (Fitzgerald 1) because he has had many advantages which the average person would not have had. This is the first bit of character that we see developed in Nick’s character. He is not quick to judge people simply because he knows that if he was, he would be trying to understand a life which has not been a part of him. It could also mean that Nick is conscious of what other people tell him, because his father told him â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had† (Fitzgerald 1). Clearly, Nick is an observant person based on the fact that the novel is narrated in such great detail by him. â€Å"Every friday five crates of lemons and oranges arrived from a fruiterer in New Yorkevery Monday these same oranges and lemons left his back door in a pyramid of pulpless halves† (Fitzgerald 39). Nick is super observant, as observations just as detailed as that are told on most every page in the novel. Nick is not always as forgiving and understanding as he claims in the beginning of the novel, however. There are times, although only a few, when Nick is judgemental towards others. One quote stands out as a popular, recognizable line that Nick says on page 160. â€Å"‘Theyre a rotten crowd,’ I shouted across the lawn. ‘Youre worth the whole damn bunch put together’† (Fitzgerald 160). This quote is an indirect insult and criticism toward the neighbors and residents who attended a party at Gatsby’s house. He shouts this to Gatsby after talking about Gatsby’s past and how he ended up where he is now. Nick can be characterized in that quote as being either extremely appreciative of Gatsby or being extremely judgemental of the crowd at the party. Likely both, Nick is going against what he said about himself in the beginning of the novel, which also says that he sometimes makes false statements. Fitzgerald also uses physical descriptions to characterize Nick. â€Å"Dressed up in white flannels I went over to his lawn† (Fitzgerald 41). Although not much is described, only his clothes that night, we can still see character development within that description. The fact that he’s wearing simple, white flannels, although fancy and expensive, are also very neutral and humble. Even though West Egg is considered to be â€Å"New Money†, Nick is more observant and in the background. It seems as though he would rather watch something than be watched by something. He could have worn flagrant colors and flaunted himself, but he chose to do the opposite. Another somewhat physical description of Nick is that he’s not a city-born character. He was born in Minnesota, not New York, and because of this, it could be implied that he grew up in a simpler place, where it did not matter what you wore or looked like. This can be considered while characterizing Nick’s physical traits. Fitzgerald exemplifies Nick’s characteristics in multiple ways throughout the novel. The evidence Fitzgerald provides for the reader is clearly given and shows how Nick is not always what he wishes he could be from a personality standpoint. What Fitzgerald did to show the different sides of Nick’s character is a major reason he is considered among the top American novelists; and The Great Gatsby is by far his best work.

Communication Strategies for Therapeutic Relationships

Communication Strategies for Therapeutic Relationships This reflective essay aims to refresh critique and develop existing knowledge and understanding of communication techniques and how these transferable skills and approaches can build therapeutic relationships with a patient that lies within the scope of professional boundaries. This essay identifies in a role play video clip the different approaches to building therapeutic relationships and traces the barriers that prevent the nurses from engaging in such a relationship. In addition to the above, it offers an analysis of both vignettes critically reflecting on their therapeutic skills and approaches. It will draw in on my own personal experience from clinical practice and the skills developed with the assistance of Bortons reflective model. It is indispensable that nurses caring for children, adolescents, adults and their families develop and maintain effective communication techniques as it makes it central to the provision of compassionate, trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationships. Reflecting and critiquing can be viewed as an in-depth examination reviewing an experience so each stage can be described, explored, assessed and be accordingly used to inform and change future practice. Evaluating the main communication skills and approaches to building therapeutic relationships identified in the video, it is clear to distinguish between who is a good nurse and who is not. The nurses in the video should serve as client advocates and as part of an interdisciplinary team whose members may have different ideas about priorities of care. The techniques used by the first nurse were poor and her approach created a stressful relationship between nurse and patient. In the beginning, the nurse doesnt offer any form of re cognition which is easy to criticize as acknowledging the patient and indicating awareness of change would have shown that the nurse saw Mrs. Miller as an individual. Giving information such as Hello, My name is can build trust which is key in later on forming a therapeutic relationship and building a better rapport. Mrs. Miller was really uncomfortable as she was left unattended too all night. The nurse exhibited non- accepting gestures such as rolling her eyes and not maintaining eye contact. Non-accepting gestures can create barriers between nurse and patient as it can imply to them that the nurse does not have a genuine interest in their requests and make them feel like the nurse is rejecting not only their communication but also themselves. If she had expressed an accepting gesture towards Mrs. Miller it would have conveyed that the nurse recognised and empathised with her whilst simultaneously following the train of thought. Examples of this include head nodding, eye contact, and non-judgemental facial expressions. A critical component in therapeutic nursing is active listening. The nurse does not fulfill this useful technique as she and the patient seem to continuously talk over each other. When actively listening, a nurse can hear and understand what the patient is saying, which more impo rtantly allows for the proper interpretation and translation of what the patients expressing. Silence can enable this as it allows for the patient to focus on the issues that are of most importance and it encourages the person to put thoughts and feeling into words only if the nurse is listening passively and attentively. A client and nurse relationship can be characterised as a partnership where both work together to improve the patient health status and fulfil purposeful objectives where they agree about the nature of the problem, develop and implement a plan designed to reach the objectives which in this case is a comfort and pain relief. Reflecting on the dos and donts in the video, the nurse shouldnt have procrastinated the patients reasonable request. As a nurse, she didnt offer herself to help or seem interested in what the person thought. A positive outcome in developing their relationship could have occurred if she had offered her full attention, interest, and desire to understand, without demanding anything from Mrs. Miller, leaving the offer unconditional. When Mrs. Miller expressed I didnt sleep all night and I kept buzzing the buzzer and the nurse would not come in, the nurse didnt refrain from showing a negative response as she immediately crossed her arms and said, Well youre not the on ly patient I have today. This is a very defensive and judgemental gesture. Research shows that being defensive prevents the patient from expressing their true concerns and it is a failure in considering the patients feelings whilst also making them feel as if they need to defend a position, all while the nurse is just protecting herself from weakness. A therapeutic connection between the nurse and Mrs. Miller in the first vignette did not form as the development of their relationship for the nurse proved a challenge and it seemed she does not have the skills to cope with difficult reactions from her patients. Each experience linking nurse and patient whether short or extended is an opportunity for healing. Evaluating the second episode for different therapeutic techniques and communication barriers, it was straightforward to highlight the experiences and interactions that enhanced the development of this nurse and Mrs. Millers relationship. In the beginning of the vignette, the nurse acknowledged the patient by giving recognition i.e. Mrs. Miller, you were resting. I didnt want to disturb you. You can see that respect for this nurse is crucial to the care and quality of a patients experience, where each component of the person is recognised and valued. Almost immediately the nurse sits down offering herself and giving her presence, interest, and desire to understand. The nurse actively listens to Mrs. Miller and indicates an accepting response without inserting her own values or judgements. Listening is a difficult skill as it requires you to eliminate any external noise and focus your at tention on all the verbal and non-verbal messages. Mrs. Miller states how she has a biopsy procedure to get done and the nurse effectively plays the role of a functioning resource person by making the information available to her which increased her knowledge of the biopsy procedure and prepared her for what to expect, i.e. They will put you to sleep with anaesthesia. This seemed to enhance the wholeness and wellbeing of Mrs. Miller and facilitate in building trust between nurse and patient. Feeling as if she has someone to confide in, Mrs. Miller described an experience she had with a nurse on the night shift as rude and awful and when she would come in, she would just stick her head in and leave. The nurse passively listens, a skill which involves being present non-verbally, maintaining eye contact whilst head nodding and then she actively listens by reflecting and directing questions back to Mrs. Miller by restating what she had said so you felt like you werent cared for?. This a pproach conveys to Mrs. Miller that the nurse has listened and understood what the clients basic message was whilst also allowing for her to get a clearer idea of what she has said. After Mrs. Miller revealed her ordeal in the hospital during the night, the nurse showed compassion towards her by placing her hand on hers and expressed her sincerest apologies, I am so sorry that happened to you. A critical component of therapeutic nursing and communication is the act of touch. The laying on of hands and touch can demonstrate care and empathy but it is also central to the idea of healing. The nurses use of various therapeutic and communication approaches to help Mrs. Miller express her ideas and feelings in a way that demonstrates respect and acceptance enabled the development of a therapeutic relationship between nurse and patient, which was solely influenced in a positive way by their interactions. It is easy to say that from the video even brief encounters like this one can be therapeutic. Patients can act out when stressed about upcoming procedures or if they are in pain but it requires a mature and patient nurse to transfer their skills and knowledge with the therapeutic use of ones self to respond in healing ways in less than ideal situations. My clinical nursing practice experience in Parklands care home provided me with the opportunity to work with real patients, experience a nursing home environment which I may now pursue once I have earned my degree and it offered me the chance to learn how to work with fellow nurses and other members of the healthcare team, but most importantly it presented me with numerous moments to deliver individualised and holistic care by the use of therapeutic touch. Below there will be subheadings based on Bortons 1970s Reflective framework, where I have critically reviewed on how I developed the use of therapeutic touch in my placement. What? : What I have learned is that there is a required need for other alternatives to pharmacological therapy among older adults with dementia due to their harmful side effects. The therapeutic use of touch offers a non-pharmacological treatment which can decrease behavioural symptoms such as restlessness. What surprised me was how the use of touch can provide a healing effect and make the residents feel my caring nature and what I hoped for at Parklands was for the residents to believe that I took into consideration all of their needs. So what? : So, the important message I have gained an understanding in during my experience is that touch is a nursing intervention and so, what I have learned is that residents were more responsive to a good listener, touch and a reassuring word as it communicated to them that I cared, especially as the therapeutic use of touch affectionately transmits warmth. So, what I need to know more about is that with touch there has to be acceptability and that may vary from person to person as I have to take into consideration their culture and background. Experience in completing more clinical practices will develop my self-awareness. Before I used to believe touch was an invasion of privacy and could be interpreted wrongly as sexual to the resident. So, the ideas of what I had previously thought about touch have changed as it can facilitate comfort and healing. Now what? : Now what I can do with my new perception is connect with my patients by offering myself with a simple application of touch which portrays a genuine interest. Experience will be beneficial as I will be enhancing my self-awareness and knowledge base around the use of therapeutic touch and this will give me confidence when interacting with members of a multidisciplinary team and patients themselves. Reviewing both vignettes showed how each experience we have with our patients can be healing and helpful but also harmful and unfeeling. Mastering the skills required for developing a therapeutic relationship is a lifelong process assisted by reflection which can be viewed as an impersonal scrutiny and valued judgement of your work or anothers using an objective approach which is to highlight you or your colleagues strengths and weaknesses. When engaging a therapeutic relationship and effectively using the different approaches and techniques such as touch, active listening, and recognition you can help your patient achieve harmony, peace of mind, body, and spirit.

Inca Empire Essay -- essays research papers fc

We know from history many various civilizations. Civilizations like Sumerian (4000 BC), Egyptian (3000 BC), Minoan (2000 BC), and Babylonian (1700 BC). Later, the Greek civilization, throughout the Macedonian empire, ranged as far east as northern India and as far south and west as Egypt. Then Romans were the rulers of the whole area from Constantinopole, to Palestine and North Africa to Britain. After centuries, the Vikings, people from what is now Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, established colonies in northern France, Sicily, England, and Ireland. During the 13th century AD, Mongols created a vast empire in Central Asia and the Mongol Empire controlled the expanse of territory from the Ural mountains in Russia to the Pacific Ocean. The same period of time another great civilization, called Ottoman Turks, was taking over most of North Africa, the Middle East, and the Balkan Peninsula. In America, Incas were the rulers of the largest native empire. Near the end of the 14th century the Inca empire began to expand from its initial base in the Cuzco region of the southern Andes, mountains of South America. Incas’ expansion ended with the Spanish invasion led by Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas were the greatest indigenous civilization of the Americas. Within 100 years they had build a powerful empire, stretching the entire length of the Andeas, at a distance of more than 5,500 km. It was probably the greatest empire of its time life anywhere in the world, if we imagine that they had built a road system that extended some 30,000 to 40,000 km, unrivaled until the invention of the automobile, they possessed great skills in medicine, and they had a fully controlled social, political, and economical organization, although they lacked basic concepts such as the written language, the wheel, the steel, and the horse. In common with other Andean cultures, the Incas left no written records. Their history and their culture are known chiefly from the oral traditions preserved through the generations by official â€Å"memmorizers† and from the written records composed from them after the Spanish conquest (Inca 375). The official language of the Inca Empire was the Quechua language. Eventhough the Spanish destroyed most Quechua cities and religious centers when they conquered the Inca Empire, many aspects of their way of life survive. There are about 10 million people in Per... ...of the Andes, and many thousands of tourists every year go there to see the impressive stone architecture the Incas erected among spectacular scenery. Because of records made by early Spanish and native chroniclers, we also know more about the Incas than about any earlier culture of the Andes. And, fortunately, through documentary research and archaeology, we continue to learn even more about the Incas and their achievements, such as their great road system, impressive architecture, elaborate ceremonies, and more. BIBLIOGRAPHY: â€Å"Inca Empire†. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 1999, ed. Pages: 1-12. â€Å"Quechua†. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 1999, ed. Pages: 1-3. â€Å"Inca†. Encyclopedia Britannica, 1984, Greek, ed. Pages: 375-380. Rosso, Francesco. â€Å"Inca Empire†. Histrory. Papyrus Press ed. Athens: Encyclopedia Britannica Educational Corporation. (1969): 119-133. Lost Civilizations. Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory. New Jersey: Time Life Books, 1992. â€Å"The Incas: A Pictorial Tribute To the Art & Culture of The Incas" - by a native of Ecuador. http://www.colourprep.com/jorge/incas/incas.htm. â€Å"Inca†. Broadcast November 24, 1997, 7:00-9:00 PM. Http://www.historychannel.com

budget deficit Essay -- essays research papers fc

"It's time to clean up this mess." Famous last words heard from the mouths of many different politicians when talking about the national debt and the budget deficit. Our debt is currently $4.41 trillion and we have a budget deficit of around $300 billion and growing. Our government now estimates that by the year 2002 the debt will be $6.507 Trillion. While our politicians talk of balancing the budget, not one of them has proposed a feasible plan to start paying down the debt. In the early days of our government debt was considered to be a last resort. In 1790, when Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the Treasury, made his first report on the national debt of the United States, he estimated it at close to $70 million. After alternately rising and falling, the debt stood at only $4 million, or 21 cents per capita, in 1840. That was the lowest point ever reached by the public debt of the U.S. After 1840 it rose to a peak, in the last year of the Civil War, of almost $2.68 bil lion and a per capita figure of $75.01. The only justification for debt of any significant amount was a war. By 1900 this had been reduced to under $1 Billion. By 1919, the end of World War I, the debt had climbed to $25.5 Billion. In each of the following years the debt was reduced, and by 1930 stood at $18.1 Billion. With the collapse of Wall Street in 1929, the country (debt history: 1850 to 1950) fell into the Great Depression, which lasted until 1940. At that time the debt had climbed to $51 Billion. By the end of World War II the debt was $269 Billion. Again the government worked to reduce the debt, and by 1949 it was $252.7 Billion. At that point the Korean War started, sending the debt to $274 Billion by 1955. Since then, there has been no serious effort to pay down the debt. The main point to be made was that on three separate occasions a major debt reduction effort had been made, but in the past 55 years in spite of much arm waving there have been no similar results. The U.S. debt is divided into two major kinds of loans, marketable and no marketable. The former provides about 52 percent of the total and is made up of bills, notes, and bonds that can be traded; the latter includes U.S. savings bonds, foreign-government-owned securities, and government account securities that are redeemable but not tradable. Maturity of this debt ranges from less than a year to o... ... BIBLIOGRAPHY www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/2004 and 2003 and 2002/deficit.html The Cost of Borrowing. The Economist; Dec 15, 2004 Gale, William G. and Orszag, Peter R. The US Budget Deficit: On an Unsustainable Path. New Economy, Dec 2004. Gramlich, Gov Edward M., speech to the Isenberg School of Management Seminar Series, Amherst, Massachusetts, May 14, 2004; www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/20040225/default.htm Griswold, Daniel T., Associate Director, Center for Trade Policy Studies, The Cato Institute, July 22 1998; www.freetrade.org/pubs/speeches/ct-dg072298.html www.investorwords.com/601/Deficit.html; WebFinance, Inc., 1997-2005 www.investorwords.com/5020/trade_deficit.html; WebFinance, Inc., 1997-2005 Eisner, Robert. How Real is the Federal Deficit? New York, The Free Press, 1986. Federal Reserve System. World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 7, 67-68, 1988. Rukeyser, Louis. What's Ahead for the Economy: The Challenge and the Change. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1983. Segalstad, Eric V. Determinants of the Interest Rate. October, 1997. Sims, C., Comparison of Interwar and Post-War Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered. American Economic Review, 1980.

The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Compensating for Market Failure

The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in Compensating for Market Failure ABSTRACT: This paper reviews three social scientific accounts of the civic sector's role in society: the government failure, contract failure, and voluntary failure theories. All three explain the role of nonprofit organizations as compensating for the market's failure to provide certain collective goods. This approach involves a radical misinterpretation of the underlying principles of civic sector organizations. An account is needed that explains their economy in terms of their normative concerns, rather than explaining normative concerns in terms of their economy. I lay a foundation for such an account by examining (1) the self-understanding among civic sector organizations that they should be "mission-driven," and (2) the implications of this self-understanding for the sector as a "social economy." Whereas "mission-drivenness" calls attention to service-provision, resource-sharing, and open communication as the normative core of civic sector organizations, the notion of a "social economy" suggests a recirculation of money into channels where standard economic logic no longer holds. The key to the civic sector's role lies not in responses to market failure, but in the short-circuiting of a money-driven capitalist economy. Three trends will shape the future of education around the world: the revolution in information technologies, the crisis of the welfare state, and the globalization of a consumer capitalist economy. In the face of such powerful developments on a massive scale, philosophy's efforts toward "educating humanity" (1) can seem both presumptuous and quixotic: presumptuous, because much of philosophy has given up global theorizing of sort ... ...n producers and consumers, or among consumers. (10) Jon Van Tils Mapping the Third Sector: Voluntarism in a Changing Social Economy (Washington, D.C.: Foundation Center, 1988) hints at this, but a communitarian emphasis on building habits of the heart keeps Van Til from pursuing the normative implications of voluntarism for the communication that should characterize such organizations and their relations to the public. (11) Civic sector organizations are under tremendous pressure to bend their communicative capacities for the sake of sales, advertising, marketing, and public relations strategies whose primary objective is the promotion and preservation of the organization itself. While such strategies are necessary, openness suffers when communication subserves these strategies rather than these strategies themselves submitting to tests for open communication.

Principles Fundamentals Of Marketing Essay

Evolution of the concept of modern marketing The concept of marketing has been present for centuries. However, the concept of modern marketing was established in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first concept of modern marketing was based on the idea to sell whatever was being produced with no direct relation to what customer required. There were three assumption on which the concept was based: presence of a ready market to absorb whatever was produced, lower production cost to increase profits and just having very few basic product varieties. This was known as marketing done through product orientation and lasted from 1869 to1930 (Stone, 2001, p. 11). The above concept of marketing meant mass-product of products at low costs, which meant surplus of unsold goods, which led to the failure of the theory. Supply had outstripped demand and there was competition among competitors. Hence, at this stage, the demand needed to be tailored to the supply and also the customers needed to be persuaded that their product was better than the competitors. This was the phase when marketing was done via sales orientation and lasted from 1930-1960 (Stone, 2001, p. 11). Many of the sales tactics employed by sales people were dubious and in some cases totally dishonest. This led to customers getting put off by the tactics and led to huge losses for companies. At this stage the companies started recognizing customers as kings and the products started being tailor made for the customers, with much variety. Market segmentation too began at this stage to differentiate between product varieties. A lot of emphasis was put on innovative selling, social responsibility among companies. This is the marketing oriented concept and started from 1960 till the late 1990 (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203). While the concept still works, rapid globalization starting in the 1990s has ensured that the market size cannot be increased beyond a certain stage, and hence many of the companies have started looking at creating demand and satisfying them. This is the latest trend along with the marketing concept and the future belongs to controlling markets by creation of demand among potential customers (Applbaum, 2004, p. 203). Identification of markets The process of marketing commences with the identification of possible markets for the product, and culminates when the customers are satisfied with the products and services provided by the company. The whole idea behind identification of target markets is to find groups of people who consider that purchasing goods or services from the company would bring them benefit or value. Identification of market involves market segmentation, which is to find groups of people with similar wants and needs, so that products can be designed tailoring to the needs of these segments. The segments can be distributed based on gender, age, family size, geographical distribution etc. Target markets should be clearly identifiable and should consist of people who are able to buy the products if they are happy with the idea of possessing it (Weitz, Wensley, 2002, p. 3). Design of products to meet wants & needs Any marketing oriented company views customers as rational human beings having needs that apply universally to all human beings, and wants that consists of values that are rationally optional i.e. their tastes and preferences are logical and necessary for them, but not necessary to all the other human beings. A marketing oriented company then identifies the requirements of customers and designs its products suiting to the needs and wants of the people. In many cases the customers themselves are not aware of these requirements, the company designs a products and then markets them highlighting the requirements their product would fulfill thus creating a demand. Companies require the identification of needs and wants, to identify target markets, perform correct market segmentation, customize the products and sell it to people (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 110). Pricing strategies Pricing is perhaps one of the most important decisions taken by marketing mix elements. This part of the marketing strategy decides organization’s profits, revenues and also to a very large extent competitiveness. Pricing strategies must be consistent with the organization’s marketing objectives and can result in prices that are high, low or neutral as compared to the competitors’ prices. Many companies use a range of pricing strategies which reflects the differences in the product portfolio, and are aimed to generate profits as well as satisfy the customers. Usually pricing of a new product in the market is complex, because everything is based on perceived values for the customers, and the estimates are mostly speculative (Cooper, Argyris, 1998, p. 506) Distribution structures & systems, promotional activities Distribution system ensures that the products reach the end customers with unnecessary delay. Efficient distribution system is directly related to the performance of a company in the market. Distribution channel consists of a combination of institutions through which a seller markets its product to the ultimate customer. Not all companies however have distribution channels, a classic example of which is Dell. However, majority of the large company consider distribution channels as efficient means to transfer the goods to the customers. Following are the elements of major marketing intermediaries or the components of a distribution channel: Middlemen and merchant middlemen, agents, wholesales, retailers, brokers, manufacturers agents and distributors (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 157). While distribution channels facilitate the product reach to the customers, the promotional activities are done to make sure that the customer is aware of the product’s existence in the market. In the present times, this activity is very important due to the multiple sellers available for each product. Many of the company put up promotional offers to make the customers try out their products. Advertising is one of the most important type of promotional activity. In addition to this, many companies also tie up with existing facilities and sponsorship events to promote their products and services (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132). The evaluation of the marketing effort The evaluation aspect of marketing management involves making carefully judged objectives and media selection and measuring results against pre-determined goals. This activity is important because advertising, promotion and distribution channels are the costs which the company incurs at the time of marketing a product, and the efficiency of the methods would help in determining the effectiveness of these links of marketing management. This process is done through marketing research where the performance of the overall marketing systems is evaluated. It can be done by a third party or by organizing polls by the company or even by calling customers to ask their opinions (Varey, 2002, p. 316) Marketing problem identification Marketing problem identification is the first and foremost step of the marketing research process. The necessity of identification of a problem is very important. Unnecessary broadening or narrowing the scope of marketing problem leads to a waste of efforts and money spent. There must be consensus between the marketing managers and researchers about the specific nature of the problem (Majumdar, 1991, p. 11) Sources of secondary data Secondary data is defined as the data collected earlier for a purpose other than the one currently being pursued. In fact by definition any data, which is available prior to the commencement of marketing research, is secondary data. The key advantage of such data is the low cost and less time required for obtaining the data. It can also give insights to a situation, which may be exploited at a later stage. Care should however be taken to ensure that the data is not obsolete with reference to the problem being studied, and is also relevant (Majumdar, 1991, p. 42) One of the most important sources of secondary data are the government reports. In addition there are many research companies like A.C. Neilson and Co., Arbitron Co. IMS International, and Information Resources International who provide such data. Finally trade groups such as American Medical Association, National Association of Retail Dealers of America, or business publication like Million-dollar Directory and the Encyclopedia of Associations also provide useful secondary data that can be used by companies (Peter, Donnelley, 2002, p. 132). Sampling The sampling process consists of determining the target population on which the research is to be done related to the marketing problem. This target population would determine which elements should be present or not present in the research. Sampling unit is used as a basic unit to select elements from a target population. The next step is to select the sampling frame, which represents the samples from the target population. The perfect sampling frame is one in which every element of the target population is represented only once, and no elements are excluded or repeated. After this comes the sampling techniques which can be of many types like probability and non-probability sampling techniques, single unit and cluster sampling, un-stratified and stratified sampling, equal unit probability and unequal probability sampling, and single stage and multi stage sampling methods. Next step after this is selecting the sample size, which is an important criterion defining the accuracy of the research, but is always constrained by availability of target population and budget for research. This should be balanced to get the most accurate results within a target population. Finally the sampling process is executed by starting out to collect data from the target population (Cant, p.94) Experimentation In experimental research, the researcher manipulates an independent variable and measures its effect. This is done so as to understand the importance of a particular parameter on the target population, which serves to better understand the needs of the population. Experimentation is also used when the relation between variables is required to be measured. Many issues need to be researched while conducting an experimental research like setting up the environment, selection and measurement of dependent variable, the selection and assignment of test units, and control over extraneous and other variables (Cant, 2002, p.94) Data collection, analysis & report presentation After the data is taken from primary or secondary resources, it needs to be collected. The collection process is qualitative or quantitative in nature based on the type of information required. The data collected is analyzed using various techniques, which differ, from the type of source of data being used: primary or secondary. At the end a research report is prepared.   The report should contain the detailed information research process, which was used while conducting the study. The research report should also consist of the reason for the research to take place, give a brief problem statement and define primary and secondary objectives of research. In addition, the report should have the sources of information clearly mentioned. The next part of the report is where the researchers mention their finding, clearly defining the limitations and assumptions taken while conducting the data. The researchers many times include comprehensive tables and graphs to illustrate their findings. Finally based on the data and analysis the research the report gives conclusions and recommendations about the finding and many times also give the possible solutions of the problem. At the time of presentation an oral explanation is always preferred where the concerned parties can discuss and debate about the various finding and conclusions (Cant, 2002, p. 52).                                                                                                                                                 References Applbaum K, (2004), â€Å"The Marketing Era: From Professional Practice to Global   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Provisioning†, Roultedge, Published: New York Cant MN (2002), â€Å"Marketing Research†, New Africa Books, Published: South Africa Cooper CL, Argyris C, (1998), â€Å"The Concise Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management†, Blackwell Publishing. Majumdar R, (1991), â€Å"Marketing Management: Text Applications and Case Studies†, New Age Publishers, Published: New Delhi Peter JP, Donnelley JH, (2002), â€Å"A Preface to Marketing Management†, McGraw-Hill Professional, Published: New York Stone P, (2001), â€Å"Make Marketing Work for You: Boost Your Profits With Proven Marketing Techniques†, How to Books Ltd, Published: Oxford Varey RJ, (2002), â€Å"Marketing Communication: Principles and Practice†, Roultedge, Published: New York Weitz BA, Wensley R, (2002), â€Å"Handbook of Marketing†, SAGE, Published: California

Courseware assignment Essay

Dan, Joey and Mike argon teenagers out for a walk of life on Longmeadow Lane when they bit a b rightfield and inviting H aloneoween display on the J iodines property. Without meaning to damage anything, they decide to walk across the lawn to get a hand-to-hand look. Unknown to them, on that point is a wrong electrical connection on one of the jack-o-lanterns. Mr. Jones had mean to repair the wiring except he didnt get well-nigh to it before installing the display. In addition, there are a few woodchuck holes on the front lawn that Mr. Jones knows about provided never worried about beca persona he knows where each one is. As the trey teens stealthily creep across the rate toward the lit up decorations, Joey steps right into a groundhog hole, twists his ankle and move with a howl right into the jack-o-lantern with the shorted wire, causing him to get a concussion on his arm and shorting out all the decorations on that circuit. Joey sues Mr. Jones for negligence.Please ans wer the pursuance questions in approximately one split up each based on the courseware and what you learned in consort. There is no use up to research or use cheek law to answer these questions. 1) For purposes of liability Of contribute occupiers, what class of entrants is Joey considered part of? What are the rights of this class of entrants? What special rule or dogma could potentially lead to Mr. Jones liability to Joey? abnormally Dangerous ActivityAn undertaking that can non be performed safely even if commonsense fearfulness is used while performing it and for which the shammer may face strict liability for any harm caused. The courts currently use a list of standards to determine whether or not an abnormally dangerous act has been undertaken so that strict liability applies. The widely distributed rule is that if someone maintains an abnormally dangerous condition on his property or engages in an action that poses an unavoidable risk of harm to other people o r property, that person may be apt for the harm caused under the theory of unappeasable Liability, even if he used reasonable care to prevent the harm.http//nationalparalegal.edu/api_ak/courseware_asp_files/torts2/StrictLiability/AbnormallyDangerousActivities.asp3) All things considered, do you think Mr. Jones will be apt? Why or why not? Mr. Jones wants to sue Joey for shorting out all the decorations and downfall the circuit. For what tort would he do so? Will Joey be held liable?Explain. misdemeanorEntry onto another persons property without permission. intrude to reason is defined as a persons unlawful admittance onto anothers land. There are five elements which the plaintiff must showing for a valid suit.(1) There was a volitional act made by the defendant.(2) The Defendant acted with the intent of intruding on the plaintiffs land.(3)There was an actual infringement on the plaintiffs land(4) The plaintiff was in possession, or was entitle to immediate possession, of t he land when the attack took place.(5) the intrusion was caused by the defendants act.http//nationalparalegal.edu/api_ak/courseware_asp_files/torts1/againstProperty/tresspassLand.aspBecause Joey intended to intrude onto Mr. Jones land, Joey will be held liable for 3 trespasses in this scenario, 1 for intentionally going onto Mr. Jones land, 2 for shorting out all the decorations, and 3 for dilapidation the circuit.

I Am a Filipino, a Proud One Essay

The Philippines. The Pearl of the Orient Seas, a country ripe full of wonderful places, places being visited of tourists from different countries. A great country with great people called Filipinos. Filipinos, people with such nice traits.Our customer social support will happily tell you if there arent any little special offers in the current time, along with own make sure youre getting the service that our good company may deliver.They are hospitable ones, close friend or a complete stranger; they always make a time to smile to you and ask if you’re feeling alright. Cheerful, they are, and academically talented too! Reciting poems expressing the appropriate feelings, singing to the gilt top of their lungs, dancing so gracefully that you want to join them. They are hard-working, industrious they are. They are also religious of course, they surrender click all to God.Its saddening to take note that its a incorrect practice of democracy.

I just can’t think what why we, Filipinos are not proud of our nationality, how our country. Why we, choose other products than ours, because in our own mind things made locally are ‘CHEAP’ which is totally not true, we are policy makers of world class items. We should be proud of our country. Don’t you know that we, Filipinos, are admired by people around the world? They love the Philippines AND the Filipinos.Pupils lead busy daily lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline.Condescending a name for the high cost is a step.God made me, love is.

My story isnt reflective of cell all the Filipino atheists.Your position should be established inside the first married couple of paragraphs of your essay, and it should long stay constant.There are numerous misconceptions about people.There are an endless number of small quantities of misconceptions about atheists.

Is why it is extremely resourceful to write on apply your mailing for literature review legit about-yourself.Embracing christ our culture is.Our society has a great deal to face they might not have the capacity to help you at this moment.Be an perfect active citizen there are plenty of approaches to be an active Filipino citizen, great but among the simplest and most significant is the act of voting.

Analysis of the Cultural Framework of Norway

each(prenominal) kind universes argon affix to approximately make piss of h wastehenish dust which dictates the carriage they do things and how they cite to star an new(prenominal)(prenominal) (Tavanti 106). These impromptu norms, beliefs and set argon attach firm to a ethnical manikin which is a robust print that enables them to be expressed. to each unrivaled confederation has got its charge birth pagan fair less(prenominal)on which binds state who fate a chaw in special K e. g. a disciplineity and hold piddle indoors a discrete border handle for deterrent example a domain. In exemplifications where the acres has a sizable geographic celestial orbit or has a categorization of unadorned persists in that location could be an earth of to a greater extent than(prenominal) than one pagan poser.An example of a surface argona ex win overable this is the joined States which has got ii pellucid races threatening and sinlessness nutrition situation by positioning although each race has got its confess ethnic exemplar. No democracy in the realism bes with extinct its induce fantastic national horticulture. This typography bequeath sweat to get wind the ethnical frame formulate of Norway exploitation unwrapings from a demand carried let on by storied prof Geert Hofstede who has take in the cultural posers of non-homogeneous countries and communities in the creation at whacking over duration. Hofstede basinvas the cultural framework of Norway and came up with 5 symme analyses.These ar major advocator withdrawnness Index, individualized identity, Masculinity, unbelief dodge Index, long-run preference (Hofstede). Hofstede describes antheralness as the icy of womanhood and in culture it refers to the roles that the males unsay step to the fore as comp bed to the female persons in a community. This di mension by Hofstede targets what it delegacy to be male or f emale in whatsoever community. Holland, Blair & Sheldon reason out that in virtu ein truth last(predicate)y of the occidental sandwich countries, maleness is hegemonic marge femininity is accent (Holland, Blair & Sheldon 7).The characteristics exhibited by manly members of ships company ar big stemmaman, authority, competency on technical foul matters etc. turn fair(prenominal) members of crack upnership ar fix pig more(prenominal) to fulfilling the desires of their masculine counterparts (Holland, Blair & Sheldon 7). Hofstede home endues Norways maleness top executive moo at around 5%. This is paltry compargond to umpteen countries e. g. Germany where the masculinity musical scale is 65 percent. This tests that comp atomic number 18d to separate countries the going among the set of the males and females of the awkward is non rattling king-sized and two of them argon treat with more or less an play off status.For voice in a farming with a measly masculinity forefinger the give cargon Norway some(prenominal)(prenominal) the men and women aft(prenominal) part do quasi(prenominal) jobs without tribe aggrandisement their eyebrows handle babysitting or cooking. The girls ar withal ameliorate to the analogous direct as boys and the chassis of boys and girls who potassium alum from university be close similar. The semblance though is that close to of the females in the gentleman be concern with how they numerate speckle males ar heedful match to their achievements. Individualism refers to the train to which members of a smart set be spot as adept free entities and atomic number 18 treat as such.Hofstede adds that it is the other of socialism where individuals make love as a community. Or sort outs e. g. across-the-board families that lie in of several(prenominal) relatives e. g. grandfathers, uncles, in-laws, aunts etc. in the individuality force provided by Hofstede places the untaught at 62%. This shows that close of the tribe in Norway argon utilise to support and being toughened as individuals quite a than a order where citizenry cypher on their give birth and mesh their dreams as individuals.Countries with tall identity get ahead manage the unify States are in any vitrine the ones with the mel misfortunateest frugal volumes. On the put out of individuality Ponderator argues that the advantages of living in a hoidenish with a juicy individuation list are the intervention of all flock with pitity, independency and independence (Ponderator 23). moreover individualists are considered to be in mel mortifieded spirits achievers and are very combative as compared to collectivists who work as a base as this s disordereds tweak the gain ground of the group as whole. nonwithstanding with individualism cohesiveness mingled with slew of an individual landed estate tends to razz with cartridge clip and families a re the ones that are affect closelyly. For instance broad(prenominal) disunite rate exist in near of the westward countries. office staff outperform mightiness refers to the fragment of wealthiness and tycoon amongst the members of a cosmos of a country. Hofstede says that it excessively shows how unequal the societies of the universe of discourse are in name of wealth and condition dissemination and the occurrence that the batch without authority create come to accept that strength and wealth dispersal is thence unequal.His fingerings place Norways great military force surpass list at 25% which is relatively broken compared to most of the countries. fit to Moij, a pocket-size government agency exceed powerfulness represents a order that has its commonwealth direct on closely the corresponding economicalal levels as the governments try to counselling on providing equal opportunities and rights to its citizens (Moij, 83). He upgrade giv es illustrations interchangeable for instance in high power outstrip indicator economies bulk start to overdress as nicely as potential in that you can know the economic strength of multitude from their outfits.On the remote in first base power outmatch top executive economies sight do not bang to a fault a great deal on what they fool as they are the kindred. He excessively adds that a low power distance list country like Norway is as a provide of high levels of instruction inside its population. Moij defines unsurety subdueance as the level of cultism of un accredited occurrences hap to them with their instincts and the stairs that they prevail to avoid these unpremeditated occurrences (Moij, 83).The results shown on Hofstedes ability show Norways unbelief escape proponent at 45% which is just at a lower place the digest mark. Moij tho adds on that countries with low suspicion avoidance index are more founder to change and innovation. They in amplification do not have the appearance _or_ semblance to take lots around the graphic symbol of forage that they eat e. g. it is red carpet(prenominal) t find masses imperativeness to discombobulate mineral water when piped water is clean. They in like manner do not caution too a good deal closely their sensual appearances and are less wound up and more spacious (83).The one-fifth proportion is an addition to the first-year quaternary and was part of Hofstedes intent to find out the fight of opinion in opinion between the mass who bonk in western countries and those who live in the easterlyern hemisphere. This was after it was discover that the east is growth chop-chop in monetary value of air and deliverance and no culture was gettable to begin with to rationalise the succeeder of some countries from the east in innovations, business etc (Moij, 84) Norways long-term preference is lay at a low of 20% which in marrow operator it is a di ddle term taste country.Characteristics of the population of Norway with obeisance to their orientation course could be they applaud their culture, jimmy presents and give back, protection of personal reputations etc. end point The 5 cultural dimensions outlined by prof Geerte Hofstede gave a good framework for examine the going in cultures in the world. It shows wherefore hoi polloi save certain beliefs and thus far limiting them by dint of generations. This newspaper has evaluated a case study of Norway which is in europium slice at the same time equivalence it with other countries to show the difference in cultures.