International Law - Refer to Order Instructions Essay

International Law - Refer to Order Instructions - Essay Example International Law in simple term refers to the law binding upon between Sovereign Nations. It is a set of rules and guidelines to be followed by nations of the world to maintain law , order , equality and justice among themselves. In other words , International Law comprises a system of rules and principles that govern the interactions between Sovereign States and other institutional subjects , such as International Inter  ¬Governmental Organizations . International law consists of rules and principles which govern the relations and dealings of nations with each other. International Law, which is in most other countries referred to as Public International Law, concerns itself only with questions of rights between several nations or nations and the citizens or subjects of other nations. In contrast, Private International Law deals with controversies between private persons, natural or juridical, arising out of situations having significant relationship to more than one nation. In recent years the line between public and private international law have became increasingly uncertain. Issues of private international law may also implicate issues of public international law, and many matters of private international law nave substantial significance for the international community of nations.

Three in American life Essay Example for Free

Three in American life Essay Throughout the time period that we have studied, I believe that there were three events that had the most significant impact on American life. Progressivism was the most important outcome from these years. Another major outcome is the Birth Control Movement. The Freedmans Bureau is the last major result from this time period. Between 1865 and early 1920s, the country changed from a rural nation to an urban one. Progressivism is the reform movement of the 1900s. It dealt with people from the middle class who werent immigrants who wanted to cure social problems. Women got involved in this because it was the only acceptable way for them to influence politics. There were many issues that had to be dealt with. The workplace safety was one of them. Workers worked more than 54 hours per week and the accident rate was very high. The solutions made for there problems changed the way American people worked and how long they had to. Now, there was an 8-hour work day, there was a law for minimum wage, there were safer working conditions, and there was an end to child labor. The Progressives believed that you could use science and technology to solve problems. They also believed that schools were to prepare students to function in society. The Birth Control Movement was another significant change in American life. In 1873, the Comstock Law was passed. This law made it illegal to use the Postal Service system for any article or pamphlet intended for contraceptive information or abortion. Then, in the early 1900s, Margaret Sanger began the Birth Control movement. In 1912, there was a column in the newspaper that was named, What Every Girl Should Know. In 1913, this column was outlawed. Then Sanger was convicted for distributing literature under the Comstock law. Soon, right after World War I, birth control was more widely accepted. This changed the lives of many people, especially people who were married but never planned to have kids. This also got people more aware of STDs and other diseases. The Freedmans Bureau was established in the War Department on March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and aid for millions of Southerners left homeless and hungry by the war. It distributed food, clothing, served as an employment agency, set up hospitals and operated schools. It played a major  role in providing education for African Americans. It also helped settle contract disputes between African American laborers and White planters. The time period between 1865 and the early 1920s was very important to Americans. It changed America from a rural to an urban nation. There were three events that had the most impact on American life. They were Progressivism, the Birth Control Movement, and the Freedmens Bureau.

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management

Underwater Seal Drainage Tube Management Underwater seal drainage tubes (chest tubes) are inserted to drain the pleural cavity (the potential space around the lung) which can contain blood, air or lymph (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). The chest tube is connected to a water-seal plastic container and there is only one-way movement of air and fluid from the pleural cavity. In general, the water-seal container should not be empty or changed unless it is full. The chest tube should not be clamped only if ordered by doctors. For the patient inserted with a chest tube, a trained nurse is responsible for managing the under-water seal drainage system (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Management is consist of monitoring the position and attachment of chest tube, adjusting the evacuation of the fluid and deciding when to change or empty the containers, and look after patient with the tube and drainage system when transport (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). Nursing students are not supposed to manage the drainage system without supe rvision of a trained nurse. In surgical cases, various drains systems can be used, the management of these drains are different from each others. Wound drainage is a closed-suction drain with a vacuum container and fluid can be drawed from wound. When the vacuum containers are full or loss its vacuum, they are required to be replaced (Deborah, 2010). While the under-water seal drainage is a closed drainage system and the approach of managing it is different. The water-seal chamber allow the air and fluid to escape from the pleural cavity but cannot flow back from reverse direction (Deborah, 2010). In patients with hemothorax (blood in the pleural cavity), pneumothorax (air in the pleural cavity), chylothorax (lymph in the pleural cavity), the negative pressure is lost and lung expansion can be restricted (Deborah, 2010). The most important element of ensuring the expansion and deep inspiration of the lung is to maintain the negative pressure in the pleural cavity (Deborah, 2010). Consequently, because of the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the air might enter to pleural cavity specially when the size of the chest tube is larger than the size of the trachea which can lead to pneumothorax (Deborah, 2010). The water-seal drainage container is usually filled with about 375 ml of sterile water, chest tube is placed under the level of the water, so the air cannot be sucked into the chest, however the water-seal drainage container should always keep below the level of patient’s chest to prevent back flow of the water to the pleural cavity (Rajaraman, Happy Tony W., 2010). When the chest tubes are inserted for treating pneumothorax, no clamp is excepting and when change the volume of the water in the water-seal container, close monitor is needed as re-expansion pulmonary can occur (Deborah, 2010). If the collapsed lung expands rapidly it can cause damage in the capillary and develop to unilateral pulmonary edema which is called re-expansion pulmonary edema. A specific care pathway for chest-tube insertion and management may be useful (Deborah, 2010). Wound drainage For the post operative patient who has a wound drainage tube, the main nursing goals will be healing promotion and infection control. To successfully achieve these goals, assessment of wound and intervention guidelines will be helpful (Bonnie S., 1992). First maintain the tube in proper position. Extraction still can happen accidentally even the tube is sutured to the skin properly. Apply tape on the tube to stabilize it down to the dressing of skin can contribute to reduction of the risk of extraction. If the tube has enough length, nurse can make a partial loop before taping (for slack) (Bonnie S., 1992). Secondly, the skin around the wound should be assessed regularly (Bonnie S., 1992). Drainage tube usually inserted at the site of surgical incision. If the wound didn’t heal well, infection can be a problem. Assess sites for signs and symptoms of infection which can be redness, swelling, pain and change in vital signs. To assess the drainage every 4 to 8 hours to see sanguineous fluid up to 36 postoperative. Purulent fluid usually indicates infection (Bonnie S., 1992). Thirdly, change the dressing of the site frequently, Depend on the type and amount of the drainage, routinely or frequently change the dressing (using sterile technique) can decrease the risk of infection and maintain a close monitor of skin condition of the drain site and incision site (Bonnie S., 1992). After the tube is saturated and dressing applied, the dressing is suppose to be changed at least every 24 hours. If the doctors ordered to not change the dressing then reinforcement interventions are required to maintain the wound drainage system. Always use separate dressing on the incision and drain site to prevent cross-infection of bacteria (Bonnie S., 1992). Critical analysis form different perspectives Lack of knowledge of professional competency and evidence-based practice can be the factor that affect the first year RN and nursing student to make inadequate clinical decision. In the education field of clinical health professionals, CPD (continuing professional development include a range of education activities to enhance profession competencies and good practice) is one program that has been developed to help clinicians to maintain updated evidence-based practice and theories (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). CPD has been used for postgraduate nurse and also undergraduate nursing students. The purpose for these activities are to help health professionals to assess their feelings, connect new knowledge with experience and expose value issues (Brigitte Jeannette, 2011). Incident reflection is one of the techniques, however critical analysis can be painful experience sometimes because it might bring discomfort feeling like anger, frustration, grief and guilty ( Rachel, Joanna, Emma, PaulFehmidah, 2010). And participants of CIR (critical incident report) do not always feel supportive on difficult practice situation. A safer and more supportive environment is needed for clinician to discuss about the incident thus improve the understanding of the specific clinical practice and avoid incidents (Rachel etl, 2010). Through out the reported experimentation of small group of occupational therapists, it is found that discussing on current situation and interventions that can still be change will produce less negative feelings and encourage clinicians to transform the advance eve nt into a learning opportunity compare to talk about the past incident and act that cannot be changed (Rachel etl, 2010). A real issue of concern is the best trigger for clarifies meaning in policy and procedure and change in conceptual perspective. Practitioners can take this reflective process to review their knowledge and find out the assumptions for the cause of their specific intervention then improve in the future practice (Rachel etl, 2010).Different from instrumental education, reflective learning is aiming to revise clinicians’ previous knowledge and form a new understanding and commitment to act. Continuously use of reflection on clinical incident is a lifelong learning cycle which can effectively develop a self-evaluation and self-regulation process (Rachel etl, 2010). Another element that can cause the clinical incident is the workplace stress, it can include the inadequate distribution of workload and distressing working environment which involve the unit coordinator and the co-workers on the ward. For professionals who work in the health care field, stress is a significant issue. Datas shows that particular nurses are at high risk for occupational burnout and physical and psychological fatigue (Jacoba, Anja, Ellen, Hugo J., Arnold B.Bert J., 2011). In the study of THOR psychiatrists in UK, health and social welfare professionals are found to be the group with highest incident of work that related to metal unhealthy in 2003-2005 (Jacoba etl, 2011). Manage intervention and stress-related incident can contribute to presence or absence of potential hazards in the work environment. (Jacoba etl, 2011) Management involves plan, administrate and evaluate the risk assessments and intervention. Leadership and the model of management have been constantly reported as the main reason of workplace stress in nursing. There is an association between low management and poor psychological health in clinical nurses, found that low manager support was associated with poor psychological well-being in nurses (Jacoba etl, 2011). Managing workload and resources are often referred than other competency (Jacoba etl, 2011). In specific, managers of the unit need to monitor the workload of the team and individual staff whether the workload is overly high or low. Design reasonable and achievable goals and deadlines (Jacoba etl, 2011). It is the manager’s responsibilities to refuse additional workload for the team members. In one case of a supportive work environment. Staff was interviewed for her feeling about the management. â€Å"She recognises rightly that the work is too much for one person so that was good. Something about her, yes, her caving in and giving me an admin support person when I needed it, made such a difference to my stress levels, it was fantastic (Jacoba etl, 2011).† On the other hand, insufficient management lead to failure in coping with the assigned workload and increasing pressure level (Jacoba etl, 2011). Cause of that can be various including the manager is lack of awareness of pressure level of the team or the manager misinterpret the knowledge level and type of work. Nurses who work in this type of environment always feel busy and stressful and find it difficult to cope with (Jacoba etl, 2011). â€Å"I’ve begun to lie about the amount of work I have. What I’ve discovered is my boss, she doesn’t show it on her face, but I think she becomes quite stressed out herself by hearing how much work I have outstanding (Jacoba etl, 2011).† When the managers are passing the pressure and deadline to the team, the team members will then pass the pressure to others which can be clients and other health professionals or students. In the end the quality of care will declined and the risk of clinical incident can increase (Jacoba etl, 2011). From the customer’s perspective, hospital consistently emphasized on the feedback and complains of the ( Heejung June, 2012). In fact, education for patient about their treatment is essential for preventing clinical incident and building good therapeutic relationship ( Heejung June, 2012). In this clinical incident, if the client was told how the under-water seal drainage system work, the nursing student might be able to be stopped from emptying the under-water seal container The values of complaints is to improving the quality of care and enhancing the process of recovery ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers are given the right of doubting the competence of practice. When it comes to handling complaints, usually there is an adverse event or poor practice, it is not a preventive strategy for clinical incidents ( Heejung June, 2012). Also, customers complaints can be challenge for the contacted nurse and there has poor evidence of how the nurse handle the compliant from clients. An exchange relationship benefit in develop trust with customers over time ( Heejung June, 2012). Customers diagonosis and treatment need to be fully explained and customers should always involved in clinical decision making. The core concept here is emphasizing the benefit of building emotional bonding between patients and nurses ( Heejung June, 2012). Literature has shown the positive connection between health relationship and customer satisfaction. Also, well-built relationship with the customers tend to reduce the rate of failure in practice or adverse event ( Heejung June, 2012). Incident report As I considered, in this scenario, JC and shift coordinator need to be notified with patient’s complaint of SOB and further interventions (like refill and connect the water-seal container ) need to be consulted. During that period of time, patient’s vital signs should be closely monitored. Also the first year RN and the student need to commence incident report. Graduated nurse and student nurse may need to either perform written incident report or telephone incident report. Report incident on telephone, a nurse or student need to be able to identify him/herself, the ward, the client, the presenting issue and patient background information and current assessment ( Sonja, Regula, Bernd, DanielFranziska, 2013). If there have orders been administrated, nurse must identify the order. Beside that, nurse should also consult for managing order in reasonable time frame. This model is called SBAR and has been used for many facility, situation (S), background (B), assessment (A) and recommendation (R) (Sonja etl, 2013). To evaluate the effectiveness of a verbal clinical incident report there are three categories which emphasize on ability for listener to understand and receiving information. Firstly, at the beginning of the report, patient’s problem should be clear described which creating a conscious recognition of patient’s situation (Jacqueline A., 2014). Base on the aware of patient primary issue, the listener can have a better understanding. Secondly, information should be provided in standardize order to enhance efficiency (Jacqueline A., 2014). For example, the patient had two sets of obs done, instead of report it separately, compare it and exhibit the decline or change in patient’s status help listener to process information within minimum time. Thirdly, key factors should be focused in the incident report, thus nursed should avoid descriptive and subjective information (Jacqueline A., 2014). This benefit the health team toward clear diagnosis specially in a emergency situation. For the graduate nurse and student nurse, the ability of effectively communication with the health care team is vital in ensuring patient safety and preventing clinical incidents (Sonja etl, 2013). Expectation for graduate nurse in a clinical incident report is assess critical issue of a patient’s experience and effectively report to health team, unfortunately, graduate nurses and nursing students are rarely preform this skill and receive positive feedback from the health team about the quality of their report (Sonja etl, 2013). Clinical decisions skill is another important expectation of the graduate nurse and nursing student (Sonja etl, 2013). In the dimension of clinical decision-making, clear communication is one of the marking score. Clinical decision making involve other sills like background assessment of the patient, identify the major concern of patient’s current situation. Head to toe assessment and ability to provide appropriate recommendations for current situation (Sonja etl, 2013).

Poverty and Low Birth Weights :: Essays on Poverty

Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There exist some evidence that poverty can result in low birth weight in newborn infants. On Prince Edward Island, low birth weights are currently the lowest as compared to the national average according to Statistics Canada. However, the link that exist between poverty and low birth weights leaves unanswered questions as to what can be done to reduce these low birth weights in newborn infants. The effect of Poverty on Low Birth Weight in Newborns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Receiving good prenatal care is extremely important for an expecting mother. The prenatal period has a great impact on the newborn’s health. Low birth weight is a problem among a certain population of newborns. It is crucial to understand the conditions in poverty and its affects on birth weights in infants. â€Å"Several communities characteristics associated with poverty are negatively associated with low birth weight† (Roberts, 1997)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2000, the PEI Reproductive Care Program, reported that Prince Edward Island had the lowest percentage of low birth weight infant at 4.3% compared to the National average of 5.6%, however there is much taught about the link of low birth weight and poverty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the 2000 study, mothers living in West Prince were the youngest with the highest percentage of birth rates (11.3%), these being women under 20 years of age. This can also be a contributor since young women may not have finished school or post secondary educational therefore resulting in jobs with less income. This weighs on their health care and ability to have the best prenatal care available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diet factors can also play a major factor in low birth weights. In a study done comparing Latina women both in the United States and Mexico, showed that Latino women born in Mexico consumed diets richer in calcium, folate, protein, vitamin A and ascorbic acid than Latino women born in the United States who instead ate diets consisting more of high fat foods, sugars and cereals, associated with low birth weights (Pearl, 2001). Poverty decreases the chances of expecting mothers to be able to buy all the proper foods available in order to eat a properly balanced diet high in all the nutrients needed for her and her baby. This paper describes the incidence of low birth weight in newborns in relation to the level of poverty among women on Prince Edward Island. Method Apparatus and/or Materials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The source of the data was found using Statistics Canada database CANSIM. Incidence of low birth weight from 1991 to 2001 on Prince Edward Island, v5939746 Table 102-4005.

Quality of Work Life Essay

Quality of work life (QWL) is viewed as an alternative to the control approach of managing people. The QWL approach considers people as an ‘asset’ to the organization rather than as ‘costs’. It believes that people perform better when they are allowed to participate in managing their work and make decisions. This approach motivates people by satisfying not only their economic needs but also their social and psychological ones. To satisfy the new generation workforce, organizations need to concentrate on job designs and organization of work. Further, today’s workforce is realizing the importance of relationships and is trying to strike a balance between career and personal lives. Successful organizations support and provide facilities to their people to help them to balance the scales. In this process, organizations are coming up with new and innovative ideas to improve the quality of work and quality of work life of every individual in the organization. Various programs like flex time, alternative work schedules, compressed work weeks, telecommuting etc., are being adopted by these organizations. Technological advances further help organizations to implement these programs successfully. Organizations are enjoying the fruits of implementing QWL programs in the form of increased productivity, and an efficient, satisfied, and committed workforce which aims to achieve organizational objectives. The future work world will also have more women entrepreneurs and they will encourage and adopt QWL programs. Quality of Working Life is a term that had been used to describe the broader job-related experience an individual has. Whilst there has, for many years, been much research into job satisfaction and, more recently, an interest has arisen into the broader concepts of stress and subjective well-being, the precise nature of the relationship between these concepts has still been little explored. Stress at work is often considered in isolation, wherein it is assessed on the basis that attention to an individual’s stress management skills or the sources of stress will prove to provide a good enough basis for effective intervention. Alternatively, job satisfaction may be assessed, so that action can be taken which will enhance an individual’s performance. Somewhere in all this, there is often an awareness of the greater context, whereupon the home-work context is considered, for example, and other factors, such as an individual’s personal characteristics, and the broader economic or cultural climate, might be seen as relevant. In this context, subjective well-being is seen as drawing upon both work and non-work aspects of life. However, more complex models of an individual’s experience in the workplace often appear to be set aside in an endeavor to simplify the process of trying to measuring â€Å"stress† or some similarly apparently discrete entity. It may be, however, that the consideration of the bigger, more complex picture is essential, if targeted, effective action is to be taken to address quality of working life or any of its sub-components in such a way as to produce real ben efits, be they for the individual or the organization. Quality of working life has been differentiated from the broader concept of Quality of life. To some degree, this may be overly simplistic, as Elizur and Shye,(1990) concluded that quality of work performance is affected by Quality of Life as well as Quality of working life. However, it will be argued here that the specific attention to work-related aspects of quality of life is valid. Whilst Quality of Life has been more widely studied , Quality of working life, remains relatively unexplored and unexplained. A review of the literature reveals relatively little on quality of working life. Where quality of working life has been explored, writers differ in their views on its’ core constituents. It is argued that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts as regards Quality of working Life, and, therefore, the failure to attend to the bigger picture may lead to the failure of interventions which tackle only one aspect. A clearer understanding of the inter-relationship of the various facets of quality of working life offers the opportunity for improved analysis of cause and effect in the workplace†¦.This consideration of Quality of working Life as the greater context for various factors in the workplace, such as job satisfaction and stress, may offer opportunity for more cost-effective interventions in the workplace. The effective targeting of stress reduction, for example, may otherwise prove a hopeless task for employers pressured to take action to meet governmental requirements. Objectives of the study To study the Quality of work life of employees in Gabriel ltd, Hosur. To find out how Quality of work life leads to high satisfaction. To know the working conditions of the employees. To know how far the safety measures develops/improves the Quality of work life. To know the workers participation in the company. To examine how the Training & Development program helps to improve the individuals. To know whether the welfare activities and other benefits helps to bring a better â€Å"Quality of work life†. To suggest suitable measures to improve the quality of work life. To identify the major areas of dissatisfaction if any, and provide valuable suggestions improving the employees satisfaction in those areas. To analyze the findings and suggestion for the study. Quality of Work Life Quality of work life (QWL) is viewed as an alternative to the control approach of managing people. The QWL approach considers people as an ‘asset’ to the organization rather than as ‘costs’. It believes that people perform better when they are allowed to participate in managing their work and make decisions. This approach motivates people by satisfying not only their economic needs but also their social and psychological ones. To satisfy the new generation workforce, organizations need to concentrate on job designs and organization of work. Further, today’s workforce is realizing the importance of relationships and is trying to strike a balance between career and personal lives. Successful organizations support and provide facilities to their people to help them to balance the scales. In this process, organizations are coming up with new and innovative ideas to improve the quality of work and quality of work life of every individual in the organization. Various programs like flex time, alternative work schedules, compressed work weeks, telecommuting etc., are being adopted by these organizations. Technological advances further help organizations to implement these programs successfully. Organizations are enjoying the fruits of implementing QWL programs in the form of increased productivity, and an efficient, satisfied, and committed workforce which aims to achieve organizational objectives. The future work world will also have more women entrepreneurs and they will encourage and adopt QWL programs. Quality of Working Life is a term that had been used to describe the broader job-related experience an individual has. Whilst there has, for many years, been much research into job satisfaction and, more recently, an interest has arisen into the broader concepts of stress and subjective well-being, the precise nature of the relationship between these concepts has still been little explored. Stress at work is often considered in isolation, wherein it is assessed on the basis that attention to an individual’s stress management skills or the sources of stress will prove to provide a good enough basis for effective intervention. Alternatively, job satisfaction may be assessed, so that action can be taken which will enhance an individual’s performance. Somewhere in all this, there is often an awareness of the greater context, whereupon the home-work context is considered, for example, and other factors, such as an individual’s personal characteristics, and the broader economic or cultural climate, might be seen as relevant. In this context, subjective well-being is seen as drawing upon both work and non-work aspects of life. However, more complex models of an individual’s experience in the workplace often appear to be set aside in an endeavor to simplify the process of trying to measuring â€Å"stress† or some similarly apparently discrete entity. It may be, however, that the consideration of the bigger, more complex picture is essential, if targeted, effective action is to be taken to address quality of working life or any of its sub-components in such a way as to produce real ben efits, be they for the individual or the organization. Quality of working life has been differentiated from the broader concept of Quality of life. To some degree, this may be overly simplistic, as Elizur and Shye,(1990) concluded that quality of work performance is affected by Quality of Life as well as Quality of working life. However, it will be argued here that the specific attention to work-related aspects of quality of life is valid. Whilst Quality of Life has been more widely studied , Quality of working life, remains relatively unexplored and unexplained. A review of the literature reveals relatively little on quality of working life. Where quality of working life has been explored, writers differ in their views on its’ core constituents. It is argued that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts as regards Quality of working Life, and, therefore, the failure to attend to the bigger picture may lead to the failure of interventions which tackle only one aspect. A clearer understanding of the inter-relationship of the various facets of quality of working life offers the opportunity for improved analysis of cause and effect in the workplace†¦.This consideration of Quality of working Life as the greater context for various factors in the workplace, such as job satisfaction and stress, may offer opportunity for more cost-effective interventions in the workplace. The effective targeting of stress reduction, for example, may otherwise prove a hopeless task for employers pressured to take action to meet governmental requirements. Objectives of the study To study the Quality of work life of employees in Gabriel ltd, Hosur. To find out how Quality of work life leads to high satisfaction. To know the working conditions of the employees. To know how far the safety measures develops/improves the Quality of work life. To know the workers participation in the company. To examine how the Training & Development program helps to improve the individuals. To know whether the welfare activities and other benefits helps to bring a better â€Å"Quality of work life†. To suggest suitable measures to improve the quality of work life. To identify the major areas of dissatisfaction if any, and provide valuable suggestions improving the employees satisfaction in those areas. To analyze the findings and suggestion for the study.

Political and Legal, Cultural and Social in Maldives Essays

Political and Legal, Cultural and Social in Maldives Essays Political and Legal, Cultural and Social in Maldives Essay Political and Legal, Cultural and Social in Maldives Essay Cultural and Social Maldives is a beautiful island in the Indian Ocean that makes it the smallest country in the world population wise that attracts many tourists all year round. Maldives offers a wide variety of water activities such as surfboarding, diving and most importantly, snorkelling. The potential group of customers would be the younger aged tourists. Before the business expands their business there, they must look at a few aspects. Firstly, the language that is used in Maldives. Common language used in Maldives is Dhivehi and English.So, it is not a problem for the business to expand their business, as the language barrier is not an issue. If the Maldivians do not understand English, the business will have to find a translator to translate the message is trying to convey to them. The business should be mindful not to use product names that are offensive because some words bring different meanings in different countries. Next is the religion of Maldivians. Islam has embraced in Maldives since the year 1153. As of late, almost all the Maldivians are Muslim. The business have to take into consideration the ‘Halal and Haram’ in Islam.The business must bear with the Maldivians during Ramadan season because they cannot participate in water activities during that period of time. They must know that they will make loses during the period of time because the Maldivians will not play surfboarding during the period of time. Other than that, the business has to consider the social and norms of the people in Maldives. Large amount of people in Maldives are Muslim, therefore they have different social values and norms. The acceptance of the business’s products or service highly depends on the people in Maldives.If they do not purchase the products, the business will not make any profits therefore, the business faces a huge problem where they will have to close down their business. Political and Legal The business must consider the attitudes of M aldivians towards foreign products. Some consumers will think that the products from certain countries are of inferior quality. Therefore, they will not purchase the products. In order to solve the problem, the business must maintain as a professional business and advertise their products widely in order to gain the customers.The acceptance of the business’s products or service highly depends on the people in Maldives. If they do not purchase the products, the business will not make any profits which means the business is facing a huge problem where they will have to close down their business. The business has to make sure that no one will bad mouth about their products and services as it will strongly influence other customers decision to purchase the products or not. The politics of the Maldives take place in the paradigm of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is the Head of Government.The government runs the executive power. The Preside nt is the head of the executive branch and assigns the Cabinet. Like many presidential democracies, each member of the cabinet needs to be authorised by the Parliament. The President, alongside the Vice President, is elected by the people to a five-year term through a secret ballot system. However if the President runs again, he could be elected to a second five-year term if that limit is permitted by the Constitution. The business has to focus on their resolution of disputes with Maldives too.If the business does not solve the problem, the Maldivians will probably stop trading with them. Therefore, communication is one of the most important parts in resolving arguments or disagreements. To resolve the problem in a proper way, the business should build a Resolution Centre. The negotiation custom between the business and the Maldivians. In Maldives, the ranking and greeting process is quite important. The Maldivians respect each other. The business should greet them and respect them before expanding their business to Maldives. Hand shaking is also one of the common greetings.

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the dynamicss of an ionic reaction through look intoing the order of reaction with regard to [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] by ciphering initial rate of reaction, so as to measure the rate invariable of the reaction and to detect qualitatively the consequence of altering ionic strength on the reaction rate. Data Treatment and Analysis In this experiment, ionic strength plays an of import portion. A sample computation has shown to cipher for the ionic strength of each tallies. For mention solution ( Run 1 ) , By changing the different sum of reactants used will let to happen the initial rate of the whole reaction. The different sum of reactants used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment was tabulated into Table 1 found in Appendix 2. The experimental informations collected during the experiment can be found Table 2 in Appendix 3. It is being considered that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to the concentration of I2 produced which is so relative to the concentration of Br2 nowadays from the reaction. Therefore, with the sum of Br2, the rate of reaction to bring forth Br2 can be determined. NaHCO3 is moving as a base that quenches the reaction by responding with the acidic [ H+ ] ions that is present in the reaction mixture The three graphs are plotted from the consequence above can be found in Figure 1 to 3 of Appendix 4. The equation of the each secret plan was differentiated and tends reaction clip to zero to cipher the initial rate with the coefficient of stoichiometry of each reactant as harmonizing to the mean reaction rate equation shown here: For Run 1, = 1.016 ten 10-5 M s-1 It is assumed that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to concentration of Br2 produced and therefore, the initial rate is in M s-1. Table 3 found in Appendix 5 shows the tabular array of deliberate initial rate, ln initial rate, concentration of reactants and ln concentration of reactants. Using the Regression map in Excel 2010 with the Circuit boards of informations analysis map for Run 1 to Run 13, the order of reaction for [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] and [ H+ ] were found out to be 0.8091 ( AÂ ± 0.0313 ) , 0.8962 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) , 1.7745 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) which are rounded off to 1, 1, 2 severally. The drumhead end product of Regression Statistic can be found in Appendix 6. The rounded off whole numbers of the order of reaction figure were utility into to the rate jurisprudence to happen K, the rate invariable: Using the rate jurisprudence, the rate invariable, K, are calculated and tabulated into Table 7 found on Appendix 7. The K is range from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13. Average K ( from Run 1 to run 13 ) = = 4.14 M-3S-1 Using the K from Run 1 to Run 13, the norm of K was calculated to be 4.14 M-3S-1 Run 14 have k of 3.536 and Run 15 M-3S-1 has K of 3.120 M-3S-1. Discussion Derivation of Rate Law From the experimental consequence, the order of reaction of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally. The entire order of reaction will be 4. Hence, the rate jurisprudence of this ionic reaction can be written as: Rate = k [ Br- ] [ BrO3- ] [ H+ ] 2 Using the rate jurisprudence, it can be assumed that the reaction go on in a individual measure that engage at the same time all three species ( termolecular reaction ) and four atoms. However, reaction with an overall order of 4 are disputing and are of low chance to happen successfully as it will necessitate to necessitate 4 molecules to clash at the same clip with adequate activation energy in order to get down the reaction. The activation energy for the molecules to clash with each other in the right spacial orientation for bond breakage and bond forming is high for terrmolecular reaction which causes the reaction to be extremely non-feasible. Furthermore, in this experiment, both Br- and BrO3- are both negative charges in which the strong electron-electron repulsive force will be present if of all time the hit occurred between these ions and therefore the hit will non be effectual due to inter-electronic repulsive force. Therefore, it is more favorable for this reaction to happe n via more than one measure. The proposed mechanism can be found in the ulterior paragraph. In add-on to old mentioned the equation of this reaction was given to be: 5Br- + BrO3- + 6H+ = 3H2O + 3Br2 The order of reaction is non similar to the coefficient of this reaction which can reason that this reaction is non the simple measure and more than one measure is required for this reaction to happen. Proposed Mechanism A possible mechanism of the reaction has been proposed below: H+ + Br- AÂ ® HBr ( fast ) H+ + BrO3- AÂ ® HBrO3 ( fast ) HBr + HBrO3 AÂ ® HBrO + HBrO2 ( decelerate ) HBrO2 + HBr AÂ ® 2HBrO ( fast ) HBrO + HBr AÂ ® H2O + Br2 ( fast ) This proposed mechanism has a rate-determining measure which agrees with the rate jurisprudence where the concentration of the reactants in the rate finding measure are exponential to the advocate with each of their several single stoichiometric coefficient appears in the rate jurisprudence. Therefore, this is a possible mechanism of the reaction. It is besides noted that H2O and Na nitrate are non portion of the proposed mechanism as both are in big surplus in which the rate of alteration of Na nitrate and H2O are comparatively undistinguished. Consequence of Ionic Strength on the Rate of Reaction The rate invariable, K, found for Run 14 is 3.536 M-3S-1. It is comparatively lower than the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 and the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. With 50 % more of HNO3 to make a more acidic environment show a lessening of rate of reaction. This tendency can be explained by the obstructed interaction between the reacting atoms. When ionic strength additions with the addition sum of HNO3 added, there will be greater figure of witness ions present in it. This will do an addition in the columbic attractive force between the witness ions and responding atoms which will decelerate down and impede the hit with the other reactants. Hence, the figure and opportunities of effectual hit will diminish which will do the rate of reaction to diminish. Consequence of Replaced Na2SO4 for NaNO3 It can be observed from the consequence, that the Run 15 have a important lessening in its rate invariable which shows dramatic lessening of the rate of reaction as compared to the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 or the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. Changing of Na2SO4 to NaNO3 has shown a decreased in rate of reaction. This can be explained by which SO42- have higher figure of charge than NO3- for which SO42- will demo stronger columbic attractive forces with witness ions. Besides, there are two times more sums of Na ions that contribute to the hindering of hit of the reacting atoms. The witness ions will therefore be slow down and hindered which resulted in lessening of rate of reaction. From the two alterations in Run 14 and Run 15, both altering of the ionic strength and replacing the type of ions present will greatly impact the rate of reaction. Debye-Huckel Theory and Transition State Theory By uniting the Debye-Huckel theory and The Transition State Theory, the consequence of altering the ionic strength of the reaction on the rate invariable of reaction between two ionic species between A and B: From the equation above, the log kactivity can be calculated as harmonizing to the sample computation below: For Run 1, M-3S-1 The K activity was calculated and tabulated into Table 8 found in Appendix 8. The rate invariable of activity describe the effectual concentration ions in the solution that is free for take parting in the reactions and non the witness ions. The mean K activity is calculated to be 2.046 M-3S-1. This shows that the participating ions are lesser than expected of K concentration. Form the information calculated, it is observed that the activity is low when the ionic strength is 50 % higher. The difference between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K concentration is ( 3.614 M-3S-1 3.536 M-3S-1 ) 0.077 M-3S-1 which the different between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K activity is ( 1.786 M-3S-1 1.571 M-3S-1 ) 0.214 M-3S-1. This consequence clearly shows that the rate invariable based on activities of the 2 tallies differ significantly. This coincides with the account mentioned in the old paragraph where the consequence of increasing the ionic strength decreases the value of the rate invariable. A slower reaction rate is therefore obtained. The consequence have s hown that the figure of free take parting ions have been lower in Run 14 than in Run 1 which agree that that the increasing of ionic strength increase the sum of witness ion which hinder the hit between the take parting ions and therefore consequence in lower activity of the ions and slower reaction rate obtained. Temperature-Dependency of Rate Constant The rate invariable, K, can be affected by temperature as shown by the Arrhenius Equation: A: Collision frequence factor ; Ea: Activation energy ; T: Temperature ; R: energy gas invariable The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate invariable is governed by the temperature which a alteration in temperature will ensue in alteration of the rate changeless K. The little alteration of temperature in the research lab may do the rate invariable of each tally to fluctuate and therefore, giving a scope of K of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to 13 alternatively of a changeless value. By maintaining the temperature every bit changeless as possible in a temperature-controlled environment can cut down such fluctuation and inaccuracy to the consequence. However, this fluctuating of temperature may non be the exclusive beginning of mistake. There may be mistake of late add-on of the aliquots to the slaking solution that causes more reaction between Br- and BrO3- and produced more Br2 which consequence in higher sum of Na2S2O3 used during titration. This consequences in inaccuracy of the initial rate of reaction. More restriction and beginnings of mistakes will be discussed. Possible restrictions and beginnings of mistakes in experiment In this experiment, there are some restrictions and possible beginnings of mistakes in experiment. The major beginning of mistake will be from the titration with Na thiosulfate ( Na2S2O3 ) where there must be cautious in adding the Na2S2O3 to the solution to turn light xanthous brown before add-on of amylum. If the sum of amylum is added excessively early, it will do complexation and precipitation with I and besides due to the hapless solubility of the I. Hence, it will impact the end point of titration if hapless judgment of the shadiness of light xanthous brown before add-on of the starch solution. This shows that titration is non an effectual method in finding the initial of reaction where it is prone to systematic mistakes that affect the truth of the consequence. There is merely one titration performed for each tallies at each clip interval which cut down the truth and consistence of the consequence. Besides, the preciseness of the method can be debatable due to different gauging of the color alteration of purple to colourless to find to be the end point. The consistence will besides be affected. However, this mistake can be cut down but non extinguish with reiterating the tallies several clip. Another possible beginning of mistake is atmospheric C dioxide dissolve into the H2O used to organize carbonaceous acid which can disassociate to organize H+ and CO32- ions that will increase the acidic environment in the mixture which harmonizing to Le Chatelier s rule will do REACTION NUMBER to switch frontward and therefore, more HBrO3 formed. This lead to more Br2 formed at inconsistent interval which will diminish truth of experiment. Using stopper can besides assist but non wholly extinguish such mistake. To optimize consistence of the experiment, several safeguards were taken to cut down random mistakes. The starting of the stop watch was ever at the first bead of solution 2 added to the solution 1 during the readying of the reaction mixture. The sum of amylum index was ever consistent at two standard beads with changeless swirling. All of the glass wares were exhaustively washed with deionised H2O after each tally to forestall inaccuracy due to go forth over solution from old tallies. Decision In decision, the orders of reactions of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally and the rate invariable are from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 with an mean rate invariable of 4.14 M-3S-1. From this experiment, it can be concluded that the rate invariable, K, will diminish with increasing ionic strength of the reaction. Mentions [ 1 ] Atkins, P A ; dePaula, J. ( 2006 ) . Atkins Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Oxford University Press. [ 2 ] G. D. Christian, J. E. OReilly, Instrumental Analysis, 2e, Allyn A ; Bacon, 1986. [ 3 ] T. Engel and P. Reid, Physical Chemistry, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ; Person Prentice Hall, 2010. Appendixs Appendix 2: Table of different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Table 1: Different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Run # Amount of 1M of [ KBr ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 0.2 M of [ KBrO3 ] Used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ NaNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ HNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Entire Volume ( milliliter ) Entire Ionic strength

Essay Genre essays

Essay Genre essays A documentary by definition is according to the Academy Rule 12 of the rules for the Academy Award: a non-fictional movie. Documentaries are films made for the sole purpose of persuasion, designed chiefly to get the viewer to see the makers point of view or the point of view they are presenting. Documentaries often have a narrator who helps the story or is the driving force for the whole film, but this is not always so. Documentaries can occupy one or more of four broad categories, these are, Journalistic which involves information and analysis. Social Comment, documentaries which reveal problems within society. Educational, which concern themselves with entertainment but main objective is to teach. And finally Magazine which according to Film Study Collection: Genres is a variety of short documentaries and newsreel essays included in a single program with a studio host. The two documentaries being concentrated on in this essay are both social comment. Bowling for Columbine is a fast paced, in your face documentary that uses very fast and often questionable editing to provide a visual bombardment of images to get its point across. Critically acclaimed director Michael Moore shocks the viewer into his point of view. He uses mini-interviews with people associated with the topic of gun violence, and school shootings, to give the viewer a persuasive taste of what Michael Moore is presenting. The documentary provides a virtual smorgasbord of short news clips, interviews, cartoons, and background music all narrated by Michael Moore. The movie makes strong use of juxtaposition as is evident in a scene where the viewer is shocked with scenes of violence, death and killing all set to the Louis Armstrong song Its a Wonderful World. Michael Moore makes strong use of hyperbole, and hard to follow conclusions to exploit and expose the many problems of the United States of America, a society that the documen ...

A Synthesis of Psychoanalytic Method and Cognitive Behavioral Theory Research Paper

A Synthesis of Psychoanalytic Method and Cognitive Behavioral Theory - Research Paper Example From personal experiences, it seems that counseling psychologists are most effective when they facilitate a discussion with patients, rather than interrogating them. Psychoanalysis provides the opportunity for a psychologist to guide a patient to those insights relevant to the underlying problem; however, in the act of psychoanalysis, autonomy of insights is removed from the patients and trusted to the psychoanalyst for the solution. Although CBT allows some autonomy for the patient to draw his own conclusions, it ignores the role of psychoanalytic transference, which seems to be an important issue to be addressed in a counseling session.Human NatureThe idea that patients ought to be given the autonomy to interpret their own unconscious, once it has been questioned by the counselor, is based on a view of human nature as metaphysically free. With a free will, human beings are not bound by the rules and laws set forth by their unconscious; in fact, people have the inherent power to cha nge the subconscious conclusions and philosophies that affect their emotional livelihood. However, the status of thoughts and cognitions in the unconscious leaves them inaccessible to the patient by his own devices. For that reason, he needs an active intervention from the counselor, which is a defining feature of cognitive behavioral therapy. On this second premise, human nature is also seen as fundamentally social: that, in order to resolve their psychological difficulties, human beings must seek.

Cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans Essay

Cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans - Essay Example In fact, they are influential towards every key identifiable of a particular culture. Nevertheless, similarities are often observed among cultures situated in different geographical areas - especially in thoughts and rituals. Needless to say, differences do exist to make each culture distinct from every other. The two examples adopted in this paper are the cultures of Pakistanis and Native Americans. Pakistan is a South Asian country situated adjacent to India and China. Pakistani "culture" has been hugely impacted not just by weather and topography, but also by arrays of traditions and historical events (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan). Then again, "Native American culture" is the phrase used to designate the culture of the so-called "Indians" of America - indigenous inhabitants of the two Americas. This essay highlights some of the key themes including traditions, religious beliefs, arts, foods, family and entertainment in each of these cultures. The rich culture of Pakistan can be observed in the Western zone of the subcontinent of South Asia. Densely populated, this developing country happens to be an important agricultural center of the world. The culture exhibits evidences of historical and natural influences. (Malik; 2001) The European intrusio... The community being largely Muslim, mutton and beef are widely preferred as well, but fish and chicken are also consumed. In fact, meat is often an essential component of everyday meals in a Pakistani household. Typical Pakistani cuisine can be quite oily and substantial emphasis is laid on the richness of taste. Entertainment as an industry is yet to thrive in Pakistan, since performing arts face receive little praise as careers from the predominantly Muslim community. However, different kinds of sports including squash, wrestling, shooting and lawn tennis are quite popular, the country having national cricket and hockey teams as well. Singing and dancing are encountered, but not popular owing to the Islamic prohibitions. The impact of Hinduism and Hindu culture are negligible in the Pakistani community. (http://www.infopak.gov.pk/) Owing to recent political developments, many restrictive regulations have been relaxed - music, theater and movies becoming quite popular hence. However, conservative Pakistanis still refrain from pursuing them as career options. Painting is also strongly opposed by Islamic fundamentalists - painters being very few in number as a consequence. The prominent contrast is worth mentioning in this case, since Islamic thought is the sole influence for few fundamentalists. Then again, the history of the previous civilizations in the region has also resulted in some appreciation of entertainment and fine arts as industries. Joint families supporting numerous generations have long been prevalent in Pakistan. Most households still have grandfathers and grandsons living together. After all, the consideration of the family as the most significant unit

Legalization of marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legalization of marijuana - Research Paper Example However, there is very little evidence to prove the claims of negative effects of Marijuana on a person. The purpose of this paper is to discuss both sides of the issue while championing the side of legalized Marijuana sale and use based upon factual evidence from highly reputable newspaper and similar sources. Let me start off this discussion with the beliefs of the naysayers. Marijuana has always been listed as an illegal drug. This classification means that Marijuana, even when used for medical purposes will cause an addiction among its users. More so if people are allowed open access to the drug from an early age. Those who are opposed to the legalization of Marijuana continue to do so even if there are claims of medical benefits from its use. According to these people, there have not been any significant clinical studies to prove that the plant actually has any medical benefits that will aid a patient during his healing process (â€Å"In Our Opinion: Marijuana Should Not Be Mad e Legal†). So their argument is that the claims of medicinal use for the plant are baseless and are merely debate points that the supporters of the legalization of Marijuana use in a futile attempt to get Marijuana declared legal, at least for medicinal purposes. The opinion of the naysayers is that even as a medicinal drug, Marijuana has the ability to have debilitating effects upon the user. In the Netherlands, a study showed that 50 % of the patients with psychosis are Marijuana users. While there is a 4.5 chance that heavy users will develop psychosis. Even as the medical content of Marijuana, known as CBD or Cannibol shows some promise of being an effective medicinal tool to some extent, it is important to remember that Marijuana is still considered a criminal drug and as such may cause serious side effects (â€Å"Marijuana Shouldn't be Legalized†). Due to the ease that accompanies the cultivation of Marijuana, it is readily available, which is the major factor in the drug being the most highly abused in the United States. It is this sort of addiction that produced a great cost that resulted in the prohibition of Marijuana. Readily available information dictates that: Marijuana is currently the leading cause of substance dependence other than alcohol in the U.S. In 2008, marijuana use accounted for 4.2 million of the 7 million people aged 12 or older classified with dependence on or abuse of an illicit drug. This means that about two thirds of Americans suffering from any substance use disorder are suffering from marijuana abuse or marijuana dependence (â€Å"Why We Should Not Legalize Marijuana†). . Contrary to the opinion of those who support the medical legalization of Marijuana, the drug can actually be more dangerous than the cure. Since Marijuana actually contains a higher level of toxins than regular cigarettes due to the pure form that it is smoked in, a single joint can have the same harmful effect as smoking five cigarette st icks. It also activates cancer causing agents within the body of the user in the case of non-cancerous users. Aside from the fact that Marijuana is a carrier for the Kaposis Sarcoma disease, regular pot users also find themselves with a higher rate of lung destruction that a regular cigarette smoker (Enyart, Bob â€Å"Why Marijuana Should Be Illegal†). The prohibition of

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing Case Study

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organisational behaviour - Case Study Example This essay examines the extent that the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organizational behavior. The Johari Window is a process where individuals are given a list of fifty-six adjectives and asked to choose give or six that describes their own personality. The subject’s peers also pick out five or six adjectives that describe the subject. Both the subject and their peer’s answers are charted on a grid as a means of demonstrating to the subject the extent that their perceptions match or are hidden from others (Handy 2000). This technique has been implemented as a means of influencing organizational behavior in a number of ways. One of the most prominent ways the Johari Window has influenced organizational behavior is through team building. In these regards, it’s noted that, â€Å"  A team which understands itself - that is, each person having a strong mutual understanding with the team - is far more effective than a team which does not understand each other- that is, whose members have large hidden, blind, and/or unknown areas† (‘johari window ’ 2009). In this context of understanding, specific aspects of the Johari Window grid can be implemented to help group members gain greater knowledge of their coworkers. While direct feedback is oftentimes viewed as caustic and off-putting, the Johari Window allows organizational teams to more functionally provide constructive criticism to team members. As the Johari Window can be used in organizational behaviors, specific aspects of its grid mechanism can be further implemented as a means of improving organizational efficiency. After completing the adjective task the responses are mapped on a four-stage grid that includes an open/free area, a blind area, a hidden area, and an unknown area. As the individual’s results are charted on the grid, organizations can implement these results to target specific aspects of behavior. For instance, a team member that demonstrates

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing Case Study

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organisational behaviour - Case Study Example This essay examines the extent that the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organizational behavior. The Johari Window is a process where individuals are given a list of fifty-six adjectives and asked to choose give or six that describes their own personality. The subject’s peers also pick out five or six adjectives that describe the subject. Both the subject and their peer’s answers are charted on a grid as a means of demonstrating to the subject the extent that their perceptions match or are hidden from others (Handy 2000). This technique has been implemented as a means of influencing organizational behavior in a number of ways. One of the most prominent ways the Johari Window has influenced organizational behavior is through team building. In these regards, it’s noted that, â€Å"  A team which understands itself - that is, each person having a strong mutual understanding with the team - is far more effective than a team which does not understand each other- that is, whose members have large hidden, blind, and/or unknown areas† (‘johari window ’ 2009). In this context of understanding, specific aspects of the Johari Window grid can be implemented to help group members gain greater knowledge of their coworkers. While direct feedback is oftentimes viewed as caustic and off-putting, the Johari Window allows organizational teams to more functionally provide constructive criticism to team members. As the Johari Window can be used in organizational behaviors, specific aspects of its grid mechanism can be further implemented as a means of improving organizational efficiency. After completing the adjective task the responses are mapped on a four-stage grid that includes an open/free area, a blind area, a hidden area, and an unknown area. As the individual’s results are charted on the grid, organizations can implement these results to target specific aspects of behavior. For instance, a team member that demonstrates

Apple Inc. Current market conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Apple Inc. Current market conditions - Essay Example The firm is estimated to have the majority of the smart phone market with the main competitors being the Research in Motion of Canada, Samsung of North Korea and the upcoming Huawei of China. On its launch of the Smartphone, the firm was able to sell over ten million units within a month which was a record not only for the firm’s product sales but also for the market. New version of the same product has been very successful with million units in sales made for each new version which is after every two years. Apple has proved to the world that it is a future firm and that it is here to stay. This has to do with its history of innovation and surprising the consumers with new products just when the customers thought they had everything there is to have in the electronics industry. Generally, Apple is a successful company with a growing future. Though it faces threats such as competition from other providers in its line, it stands a better chance for success due to opportunities a nd market venture it has not touched. Law of diminishing demand Mentioning of recent or upcoming purchases of cars and computers suggests a strong consumer demand for the commodities. The confidence of consumers is measured by Consumer Confidence Index (CCI). Consumers’ confidence shows the optimism of the consumers on the economy. This can easily be expressed in their saving and spending activities (Barnes, 2012). Household surveys are carried out every month about the ongoing conditions and the expectations of the future regarding the United States economy. Data is available by age, region, and income for consumer attitudes and buying intentions. A healthy economy means consumers are willing to spend their money. The CCI is calculated from data gathered from 5000 households every month. Five questions are asked in the survey and each question is given a relative value. The values are calculated and compared against a benchmark value that was calculated in 1985. The 1985 ben chmark value is as is because that is when the CCI was first calculated. From the results, an index value is obtained for each of the five questions. The average index values of the questions are obtained and forms the consumer confidence index. Consumer spending is very imperative to a countries’ financial health. Consequently, the CCI is closely and accurately watched economic indicator. Changes of below 5% are usually said to be inconsequential. On the other hand, changes of 5% and above show very strong change in the direction of economy (Barnes, 2012). Competitors and the market While Apple is a leader in the industry, this does not mean that the firm does not have competition. The main competition is from Research in Motion who is the manufacturers of yet another market leading Smartphone, Samsung, which is a Korean electronics manufacturer that is catching up very quickly with the American manufacturers and finally Huawei which is a Chinese mobile communication devise manufacturers who have recently entered the market for Smartphone (Russolillo, 2012). Huawei especially offers a very different kind of competition because apart from having the advantage of the Asian cheap labour from china, it has a very keen focus on manufacturing low cost Smartphone and have entered into strategic coalitions with such giants as Google and a number of mobile phone operators in the world. The

Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example .................6 Sociological Factors..........................................................6 Technological Factors........................................................7 Industry Analysis...............................................................8 Threat of New Entrants......................................................8 Threats of Substitutes.........................................................8 Bargaining Power of Buyers..............................................8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers..........................................9 Competitive Rivalry...........................................................9 Section B: Starbucks Strategic Analysis........................................10 Internal Environments........................................................10 Resources & Competencies of Starbucks...........................10 Current Strategy of Starbucks.............................................12 Value Chain Analysis.......................... ................................12 Financial & Competitive Position of Starbucks..................13 Section C: Strategic Fit †¦..............................................................15 Strengths of Starbucks.........................................................15 Weaknesses of Starbucks.....................................................15 Opportunities from the External Environment....................16 Threats †¦........................................................... .......19 Introduction Starbucks corporation is a worldwide coffee chain company that has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington State (Schultz and Howard, 2011). It is the largest company of its kind and as of March 2009, it had 16,680 stores with 38 years of experience in the coffee business (Clark, 2009). Starbucks has a presence in over 61 countries and has the core of its operations in the United States (Schultz and Howard, 2011). The US operations include over 13,000 stores which offer various forms of services to the American public. The Mission of Starbucks is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time.† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). The vision of the company is to provide the best quality coffee to customers through ethically sourcing for the best beans. They aim at embracing diversity to create a good work and business environment in which they would engage fully and connect with customers by pro viding perfect beverage (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). Starbucks also aims at providing the highest levels of returns to their shareholders whilst they remain responsible to their stakeholders, viz customers, partners and the wider community (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). This paper provides a strategic fit analysis of this global coffee company. The components of Starbucks Corporation is analysed in this paper to provide an overview of the strategic elements of the company. Section A: Market Analysis In this section, we will examine the macroeconomic elements and the microeconomic environments to identify the business sphere within which Starbucks' US unit operate within. External Environment Macro-environmental analysis can be done through what is known as PEST analysis, which involves

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing Case Study

Discuss whether the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organisational behaviour - Case Study Example This essay examines the extent that the Johari Window is a useful tool for influencing organizational behavior. The Johari Window is a process where individuals are given a list of fifty-six adjectives and asked to choose give or six that describes their own personality. The subject’s peers also pick out five or six adjectives that describe the subject. Both the subject and their peer’s answers are charted on a grid as a means of demonstrating to the subject the extent that their perceptions match or are hidden from others (Handy 2000). This technique has been implemented as a means of influencing organizational behavior in a number of ways. One of the most prominent ways the Johari Window has influenced organizational behavior is through team building. In these regards, it’s noted that, â€Å"  A team which understands itself - that is, each person having a strong mutual understanding with the team - is far more effective than a team which does not understand each other- that is, whose members have large hidden, blind, and/or unknown areas† (‘johari window ’ 2009). In this context of understanding, specific aspects of the Johari Window grid can be implemented to help group members gain greater knowledge of their coworkers. While direct feedback is oftentimes viewed as caustic and off-putting, the Johari Window allows organizational teams to more functionally provide constructive criticism to team members. As the Johari Window can be used in organizational behaviors, specific aspects of its grid mechanism can be further implemented as a means of improving organizational efficiency. After completing the adjective task the responses are mapped on a four-stage grid that includes an open/free area, a blind area, a hidden area, and an unknown area. As the individual’s results are charted on the grid, organizations can implement these results to target specific aspects of behavior. For instance, a team member that demonstrates

Strategic Management Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Management Analysis - Essay Example .................6 Sociological Factors..........................................................6 Technological Factors........................................................7 Industry Analysis...............................................................8 Threat of New Entrants......................................................8 Threats of Substitutes.........................................................8 Bargaining Power of Buyers..............................................8 Bargaining Power of Suppliers..........................................9 Competitive Rivalry...........................................................9 Section B: Starbucks Strategic Analysis........................................10 Internal Environments........................................................10 Resources & Competencies of Starbucks...........................10 Current Strategy of Starbucks.............................................12 Value Chain Analysis.......................... ................................12 Financial & Competitive Position of Starbucks..................13 Section C: Strategic Fit †¦..............................................................15 Strengths of Starbucks.........................................................15 Weaknesses of Starbucks.....................................................15 Opportunities from the External Environment....................16 Threats †¦........................................................... .......19 Introduction Starbucks corporation is a worldwide coffee chain company that has its headquarters in Seattle, Washington State (Schultz and Howard, 2011). It is the largest company of its kind and as of March 2009, it had 16,680 stores with 38 years of experience in the coffee business (Clark, 2009). Starbucks has a presence in over 61 countries and has the core of its operations in the United States (Schultz and Howard, 2011). The US operations include over 13,000 stores which offer various forms of services to the American public. The Mission of Starbucks is â€Å"to inspire and nurture the human spirit – one person, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time.† (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). The vision of the company is to provide the best quality coffee to customers through ethically sourcing for the best beans. They aim at embracing diversity to create a good work and business environment in which they would engage fully and connect with customers by pro viding perfect beverage (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). Starbucks also aims at providing the highest levels of returns to their shareholders whilst they remain responsible to their stakeholders, viz customers, partners and the wider community (Starbucks Mission Statement, 2012). This paper provides a strategic fit analysis of this global coffee company. The components of Starbucks Corporation is analysed in this paper to provide an overview of the strategic elements of the company. Section A: Market Analysis In this section, we will examine the macroeconomic elements and the microeconomic environments to identify the business sphere within which Starbucks' US unit operate within. External Environment Macro-environmental analysis can be done through what is known as PEST analysis, which involves

How to Write an Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Write an Essay Essay Writing a good essay is what any human being can do but writing an exemplary essay only some can achieve. Learning and comprehending what you learn is completely different then just interpreting it and not putting that hard work into work. People always struggle with the beginning of the essay and getting started. To begin an essay you must always have an introductory paragraph. This paragraph consists of a thesis statement and a tone. The thesis statement should tell a reader what you will be writing about. Your tone will help the reader understand why you’re writing what your writing and for what. In other words, are you informing the reader, or persuading, or even trying to amuse them? You want to make sure that the tone suits the topic of your essay. Now, the essay will provide us with what is next in writing an essay. Once you begin an essay with your introduction you want to keep a reader entertained with your writing. By doing this you then follow with your body paragraphs which contain from three being the very least to as many as you need. The body paragraph is your main part in the essay. These paragraphs provide the support to your introduction paragraph and also to your thesis statement. They fill the essay with details and examples. However, each body paragraph should have one topic sentence and possibly a concluding sentence. You also want to improvise by showing the writing of elements such as parallelism, definition, description, contrast, analysis, repetition, summary, amplification. Understanding your essay is also a major factor. Make sure you review your work closely and repeatedly. Although, your essay should understand you must also stay on topic, remembering to focus on your thesis statement. Your essential focus of your essay should be expressed in the thesis statement. While writing you want to provide transition between each paragraph that will guide your reader to a conclusion that will sum up the essay. Amplification in an essay is adding more detail to the word itself. Such as, â€Å"The professor gave a presentation in which he showed us different slide; music slides, text slides, illustration slides, chart slides, video slides, just too many slides.† An example of parallelism would be â€Å"Whether at home or at work, he was always busy† this element is using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. Definition would be best defined as elucidating a word into greater detail so it could give a better view of what you’re writing about to the reader. Description could be another use of using many adjectives in your essay, describing a noun into depth. For example â€Å"The sky is remarkably beautiful today with blue skies, no clouds and the sun beaming onto your skin making you warm but not hot.† Accomplishing everything that has been instructed in the past paragraphs leads you to one last thing to do. Reviewing your essay from grammar mistakes, punctuation mistakes or lack of transition words is an important task you want to complete. You would also want to make sure that there are no run on sentences. These sentences basically are statements that have already been said. For example a run on sentence would be â€Å"Adam is a sweet boy he really loves animals.† The correct way to write that would be â€Å"Adam is a sweet boy. He really loves animals.† You want to make sure that you are able to speak to your reader as if he or she were sitting in front of you. In other words, instead of writing the essay, try talking the essay. Proofread your essay until it reads just how you want it to sound. With this in mind your concluding paragraph comes last. In the conclusion you want to recap your idea in a clear summarizing manner. You want to make sure that after your reader is finished reading the essay the message you intended to communicate was understood. You need to keep in mind that the last paragraph should be short and avoid any extra information that would discredit anything you said. One last element of writing would be the summary. The summary is the whole essay being put into account and re reading it to make sure you stayed on topic and kept the whole essay organized for your reader to understand. All you’re trying to do is make a benevolent exit, and most probably all the really important points have been made previously in your essay. However, you should not repeat your thesis either. Once you’ve done all that’s been elucidated you should have a strong essay and be able end your essay without any difficulty.

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay

Best Actor Academy Awards Film Studies Essay He is one of the best actors in the world. Known for his careful choice of his parts, he has acted in only 20 movies. However, he was nominated for 5 Academy Awards and he won 3 Best Actor Academy Awards which casted a shadow on the Hollywood greats DeNiro, Nicholson, Pacino etc. Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis was born on April 29, 1957 in London. His father, Cecile Day-Lewis, although half-Irish, lived in England for most of his life. Four years before his death, he was named the United Kingdom s Poet Laureate (Nicolas Blake). His mother, Jill Balcon was a Jewish actress. His maternal grandfather was a very important person in the history of British cinematography. He had artistic genes from every branch of the family. His older sister Tamasin Day-Lewis is a documentarian. They moved to Greenwich when he was 2. His father was 53 when Daniel was born and he never showed interest in his children. He died when Daniel was 15 which caused great emotional insecurity with the teenage Daniel. Living in Greenwich, which was known as a tough part of London, he was surrounded by poor and troubled kids. He was considered a Posh Jew-Irish, so he was often bullied. When he was an adolescent he became an expert in the local accent and behaviour, so he claimed that these were the very beginnings of his acting career. Later, he spoke of his teenage self as very much a disorderly character in his younger years, often in trouble for shoplifting and other petty crimes  [1]   In 1968 he was sent to a boarding school because his parents thought he was too wild. Even though memories from that school werent particularly nice, he discovered his greatest passions: fishing, woodworking and acting. His acting debut was in a play where he played a black kid and his first film was Sunday, Bloody Sunday, when he was 14. Although he was uncredited and the part was really insignificant (he was a vandal), he described this as heaven because he was given  £2 to destroy fancy cars. When he was 18 he decided he had to choose a profession. Although he was a member of National Youth Theatre he decided to become a carpenter. He applied for a five-year apprenticeship but, fortunately, he was rejected due to his lack of experience. After that he joined the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School which he attended for three years. Daniel threw himself fully into the craft of drama. In 1982, 11 years after his film debut, he acted in Academy Award winning Gandhi (1982), but the part was small. After that he joined the Royal Shakespearean Company playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night Dream. This was followed by a role of a punk homosexual in My beautiful Laundrette, theater version of Dracula and A Room with a View (1986) featuring Helena Bonham Carter. One of his first important roles was the one of a Czech surgeon Tomas in the Philip Kaufmans adaptation of Kunderas Unbearable Lightness of Being (1987) with Juliette Binoche and Lena Olin. The interesting fact about this movie is that during the eight months he spent in Prague, he learnt Czech and for the first time he refused to break character off set throughout the entire shooting. This was considered extremely eccentric at that point, but it was only the beginning for Daniel. I dont rehearse at all in film if I can help it. In talking a character through, you define it. And if you define it, you kill it dead. The eccentricity reached its climax for the first time in 1989 with the part of Christy Brown in Jim Sheridans My Left Foot. My Left Foot is actually a book, an autobiography of Christy Brown who had suffered from cerebral paralysis for his entire life and the only part of his body he could move was his left foot. He began painting and eventually became extremely famous. The first part of preparation for the role included frequent visits to a clinic in Dublin where he was in touch with people with various disabilities and he even formed friendship with a few, some of whom couldnt even speak. His version of the so called method acting began developing in this particular movie. Again, he refused to break character which was more difficult in this situation. Off-set he constantly used the wheelchair, insisted on being spoon-fed and he had to be carried around constantly because he wanted to experience all aspects of Christy Browns life, especially shame and anger which he depicted perfectly in the film. He broke two ribs on the set due to hunched-over position in the wheelchair. He won numerous rewards for this part including his first Best Actor Academy Award. In 1989 he returned to theater for the part of Hamlet, however he collapsed on stage in the middle of the scene where Hamlet sees the ghost of his father. The rumor has it that he saw the ghost of his own father which he later confirmed. He hasnt worked in the theater ever since. In 1992, The Last of the Mohicans followed. The film was neither a success nor a particularly good film, however, his preparations were as always interesting. He underwent a very difficult diet and he lived in the forest isolated from the rest. He was hunting and fishing for survival, he learnt to build canoes, skin animals and carried the rifle all the time. Four years after My Left Foot, he started a new cooperation with Jim Sheridan on his new film In the Name of the Father. He played Gerry Conlon, a member of the Guildford Four who were accused and convicted as bombers and the members of the IRA who spent 15 years in prison for the crime they didnt commit. He kept his accent off set and spent a lot of time in a cell. On his request, he was constantly thrown cold water at and insulted. He was nominated for an Oscar but lost to Tom Hanks, ironically for the part he was offered. He moved to County Wicklow in 1993 and assumed Irish citizenship. In 1993 he began working with Martin Scorsese on The Age of Innocence with Winona Ryder and Michelle Pfeiffer. He wore clothing from the 19th century for two months and walked around New York City wearing a top hat, a cane and a cape in extremely cold weather. In 1996 he started working with Arthur Miller on The Crucible. He met his wife-to -be, Millers daughter, Rebecca, whom he married a year later. He currently lives on a 50-acre farm in Ireland, with his wife and children Ronan Cal, 14, and Cashel Blake, 10. From a previous relationship with a French actress Isabelle Adjani he has a son, Gabriel Kane, 17. She claims that he broke up with here by fax when she told him she was pregnant. That is pretty much the only gossip you can find on Daniel Day-Lewis. He returned to Jim Sheridan in The Boxer (1996) with the part of a former boxer and IRA member. He prepared intensely, he was training twice a day for more than six months with the former boxing world champion Barry McGuigan who said that Daniel could turn pro. He had his nose broken during the filming. He wanted to retire, so he moved to Florence and decided to return to his old love woodworking. However, he became interested in another craft, cobblery. He became an apprentice and for the next 4 years no one knows where he actually was. When asked, he stated that it was a period of my life that I had a right to, without any intervention of that kind.  [2]   Martin Scorseses Gangs of New York (2002) was his great comeback. He was persuaded by DiCaprio to take the part. Actually, he has lured to New York on false pretenses and eventually accepted the part of Bill the Butcher, who, ironically, hates the Irish. He began his usual preparation for the character which included apprenticeship at the butchers. He was constantly listening to Eminem to get angry. While he was filming, he never broke character, he kept Bills New York accent. At one point he got very sick because he refused to wear a coat, that would be breaking the rules they didnt wear warmer coats in the 19th century. After being diagnosed with pneumonia and still refusing to wear a coat he had to seek treatment. He was nominated for an Oscar again. After the Gangs, he acted on his wifes film The Ballad of Jack and Rose (2005), which received mixed reviews, but the interesting fact is that he lived in a hut on a beach, separated from his family to experience the emotions of his character. In 2007, his role of the psychotic and misanthropic Daniel Plainview in There will be Blood brought him 23 awards including his second Best Actor Academy Award. His portrayal was listed in top 10 of the best performances ever. In 2009 he decided to accept the role of Guido Contini in a somewhat different film from his usual ones, the Rob Marshalls musical Nine, featuring Marion Cotillard, Penelope Cruz, Nicole Kidmanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.He was nominated for a Golden Globe and many other awards despite the fact the movie wasnt a huge success . In 2010 it was announced that Daniel Day-Lewis would definitely play Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielbergs Lincoln. The idea of this project existed for 10 years, however Daniel refused the part because it was completely preposterous for him to even think of him as Lincoln. Nevertheless, he was persuaded by Spielberg and yet again began his intense preparations for the part. He asked Spielberg for a year that was necessary for the preparation that included reading over 100 books on Lincoln, cooperation with make-up artists that achieved an excellent physical resemblance. He worked on the voice of Lincoln for a long time and when he finally came up with the final version, he sent the tape to Spielberg in a box with a scull on it so Spielberg would be the only person to hear it before the beginning of the shooting. The film was nominated for 7 Golden Globes and 12 Oscars including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Actor. It was also a huge commercial success, grossing 220 million dol lars worldwide. Although the film didnt win any of the major Academy Awards, Daniel won both Golden Globe and Academy Award. He thus became the only actor in history to win three Best Actor Academy Awards. He was asked who he would like to play next and he replied: I cant think of anyone right now because I need to lie down for a couple of years. No, I cant think of any. I really cant, no. Its hard to imagine doing anything after this.  [3]   After this part he said he definitely needed rest so, knowing him, who knows when he would return to the set? I begin with a sense of mystery. In other words, I am intrigued by a life that seems very far removed from my own. And I have a sense of curiosity to discover that life and maybe change places with it for a while. If I werent allowed this outlet, there wouldnt be a place for me in society. I suppose I have a highly developed capacity for self-delusion, so its no problem for me to believe Im somebody else. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis http://www.biography.com/people/daniel-day-lewis-9268727 http://www.mirror.co.uk/lifestyle/going-out/film/10-fascinating-facts-daniel-day-lewis-1731301 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000358/bio

African American Sentiments :: essays research papers

For those people who did not study the Civil War or doesn?ft know anything about the Civil War, there were many African Americans fighting too. Before the Civil War, the African Americans that were not freed by their landowners were treated poorly. Some left their family in the south and escaped to the north in hope to get more freedom and also to help bring an end to slavery. After the battle at Antietam, many African Americans were allowed to enroll in the war. Many of them wanted to fight for one single purpose and that was to bring an end to slavery. In the movie ?gGlory,?h the director focused on the African American in the north that fought in the 54th regiment led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. During the time of the Civil War, the African Americans that fought in the 54th regiment were often treated unfairly but there were always nice people that backed them up. In this essay, I?fm going to discuss the different sentiments towards the African American solders that dedicated th eir life to preserve the union and abandon slavery. During the Civil War, there were people who were extremely prejudiced against the 54th regiment because the soldiers were all different colored skin and the people where used to the idea that different color skinned people worked as slaves. In ?gGlory,?h Colonel Montgomery, Sargent Mocati (the Sargent that trained and prepared them for war) and the colonel that was in charge of distributing necessities, served as the people who discriminated the African American soldiers. When in training, Sargent remained strict towards the training of the African American soldiers even after his short talk with Robert about being too harsh on the soldiers and stuff. I think he was racist against the soldiers because if the solders were white, he probably wouldn?ft treat them the same way. When he was teaching the soldiers how to march, some of them couldn?ft tell the difference between left and right. He acted as if all African Americans were uneducated and they were hopeless to teach. Shoes were a n essential part of training. Many of the African American soldiers didn?ft even have decent shoes when they enrolled for the war. Naturally, after all the training, their shoes worn down. If the 54th regiment were composed of white soldiers, the department that pass out shoes would already prepare extra shoes for them.

The Portrayal of Socially Destructive and Over-Ambitious Richard, in Sh

Richard, the main character of the Shakespeare’s play, Richard III is portrayed as socially destructive and politically over-ambitious. His destructive potential is depicted by the way he relates with the other protagonists in the play and also by what he confesses as his intentions. Richard’s political ambition is revealed through his strategic calculations based on the order of birth in his York family which puts him third away from the throne. Ahead of him is his elder brother, George Clarence, a barrier which will have to eradicate. His brother, King Edward, is another political barrier, by simply being alive, in power and equally by being the father of the two young princes . Richard’s creates a political mistrust between his two brothers without directly implicating himself to clear his way to power. The main objective of this essay is to show how well Richard fits the figure of vice character in the Shakespeare’s play. We are going to examine this aspect of Richard from two dimensions. First of all, through his expressed intentions, motivations and deeds. Secondly, through what other characters accuse him of and their attitudes towards him. It will not be possible for us to revisit each character and how he or she relates with Richard. However, Anne, Margaret, the Duchess of York, citizens, the ghosts and finally Richmond will be examined. Richard, the villain From the beginning of the play, the character of Richard is depicted as amiss. Thomas More’s account of King Richard states that King Richardâ€Å"was malicious, wrathful, envious, and, from afore his birth ever forward† (More, 2005:10).King Richard’s mother, the Duchesse of York is said to have had a hard labour at his birth. Richard is said to have come into the wor... ...ueen Margaret, England will remain in turmoil. Conclusion Shakespeare introduces to us a character who is evil according to the moral judgement of the moment. He does not respect the social values and norms. For him social taboos such as incest and crimes such as murder cease to be wrong once they become instruments of power. He is Satan incarnated, cunning, greedy and destructive. He has no respect for those who observe social, norms, family ethics and political loyalty. As a King, he governs with terror and assassinates those whose views differ from his. To us he is a dictator. The citizens are scared at the idea of being ruled by him. Their future is doomed with Richard in power. His own relatives and ghost shower him with curses and wants his downfall. Those who remain by his side are governed by fear lest they loose their lives and those of their loved ones.

Using Budgets for Control

Budgets provide a means for planning the financial future and play a vital role for planning. Budgets simultaneously make managers construct and implement plans, contribute useful information for improved decision making, provide a standard to administer performance evaluation, and enhance organization and communication. An essential component of the budgeting system is control. Control periodically takes actual results and budgeted results and compares the two. It also allows for managers to frequently measure their performance from reports by providing performance evaluations.The master budget can be separated into operating and financial budgets, each made up of distinctly supporting schedules. Implementing budgets enables managers to create a formulated plan that allows for performance evaluation and improved control. Control involves the process of looking at the past, determining what really occurred and comparing it to previously projected results. Two processes which are sign ificant to adjusting the budget are the control cycle and the planning cycle.Both are linked through feedback and in their final stage, involve budgets. Participative budgeting gives subordinate managers the opportunity to contribute considerable proposals for establishing budgets. A key factor in implementing participative budgeting is that each manager should only be held responsible for costs they can completely control. Any costs that are outside of their control that are included on their budgets need to be marked as non-controllable, and separated from those costs that can be controlled.Participative Budgeting also enables the manager with the chance to structure slack into the budget as a way to increase the probability that the manager will achieve the proposed budget and therefore decrease the risk they may incur. This requires upper level management to carefully review budget proposals from subordinate management in order to decrease the amount of slack placed into the bud get. Performance evaluation is a vital element in rating the performance of management as well as maintaining control.When using budgets for performance evaluations it can result in feedback frequency of performance, monetary as well as nonmonetary incentives, participative budgeting, attainable standards, a variety of measures of performance and the possibility of controlling costs. By using frequent feedback on performance it gives managers a means to measure the success of their planning and enforce any corrective action. Monetary and nonmonetary incentives can aid in invoking a positive, goal congruent behavior in which goals at managerial and organizational levels agree.A simple example of performance evaluation could take place in a pizza restaurant that makes only pizzas. If the owner has an exact amount of toppings that he knows should be put on the pizzas and what that cost is, he can assess the amount of toppings being used. He might find that his workers are inadvertently topping some pizzas with more toppings than others. By encouraging his employees to top all pizzas with a consistent amount of toppings he can improve the consistency of the pizzas delivered to customers and increase savings on costs of toppings.If this same principle is practiced toward other aspects of the restaurant it could provide significant savings overall. Budgets contribute a valuable role in the success of a company. Implementing control and performance evaluations increases the effectiveness of the budget and provides guidelines for performance improvement in the business. Participative budgeting gives subordinate managers the ability to be involved and invokes a sense of responsibility while embracing creativity.However if not implemented correctly, the results can produce reduced control and padded budgets that can make it difficult to evaluate performance. Although budgets can contribute a valuable measure for managerial performance, they can still be manipulated by m anagers that are able to increase budgetary performance in the short-run yet cause significant damage to the business. Organizations need to utilize other qualified measures that take into consideration the financial or nonfinancial and short-run and long-run effects in order to avoid any threats of myopic behavior.